Question 1

________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.

Accepted Answer

A)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook 
B)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch 
C)  Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 
D)  Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 
A)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Hook 
B)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek / Robert Koch 
C)  Robert Hooke / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 
D)  Robert Koch / Antoni van Leeuwenhoek C

Question 2

Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary but should include commonality of function, biochemical and genetic similarities, and ease and speed with which they can be grown in large quantities.

Question 3

The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefit to an antibiotic-producing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat?

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary, but it must first be stated the antibiotic-producing microbe would need to be resistant to the antibiotic. This should then follow into a discussion on how antibiotic production could be viewed as a way to persist in the environment, such as maintaining dominance in a community over others.

Question 4

Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood.

Accepted Answer

A)  Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported. 
B)  His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. 
C)  Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. 
D)  Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged. 
A)  Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported. 
B)  His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation. 
C)  Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation. 
D)  Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged.

Question 5

All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

Accepted Answer

A)  Robert Hooke. 
B)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. 
C)  Louis Pasteur. 
D)  Ferdinand Cohn. 
A)  Robert Hooke. 
B)  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. 
C)  Louis Pasteur. 
D)  Ferdinand Cohn.

Question 7

Chemolithotrophy involves

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidation of organic compounds. 
B)  oxidation of inorganic compounds. 
C)  reduction of organic compounds. 
D)  metabolic autotrophy. 
A)  oxidation of organic compounds. 
B)  oxidation of inorganic compounds. 
C)  reduction of organic compounds. 
D)  metabolic autotrophy.

Question 8

Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for

Accepted Answer

A)  developing a smallpox vaccination. 
B)  identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. 
C)  making an effective rabies vaccine. 
D)  developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine. 
A)  developing a smallpox vaccination. 
B)  identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis. 
C)  making an effective rabies vaccine. 
D)  developing a smallpox vaccination, identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis, and making an effective rabies vaccine.

Question 9

________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy 
B)  Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy 
C)  Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy 
D)  Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy 
A)  Martinus Beijerinck / heteroautotrophy 
B)  Martinus Beijerinck / chemolithotrophy 
C)  Sergei Winogradsky / heteroautotrophy 
D)  Sergei Winogradsky / chemolithotrophy

Question 10

Electron microscopes have less resolving power (resolution) than light microscopes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon only. 
B)  nitrogen only. 
C)  sulfur only. 
D)  carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. 
A)  carbon only. 
B)  nitrogen only. 
C)  sulfur only. 
D)  carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Question 12

Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for

Accepted Answer

A)  anthrax only. 
B)  fowl cholera only. 
C)  rabies only. 
D)  anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies. 
A)  anthrax only. 
B)  fowl cholera only. 
C)  rabies only. 
D)  anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

Question 14

Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth.

Accepted Answer

A)  algae 
B)  Archaea 
C)  cyanobacteria 
D)  purple sulfur bacteria 
A)  algae 
B)  Archaea 
C)  cyanobacteria 
D)  purple sulfur bacteria

Question 16

Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on

Accepted Answer

A)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
B)  the rabies vaccine. 
C)  optical isomers. 
D)  cultivation of E. coli. 
A)  Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
B)  the rabies vaccine. 
C)  optical isomers. 
D)  cultivation of E. coli.

Question 17

Microbial sterilization is used to

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. 
B)  kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. 
C)  kill all microbes in or on objects. 
D)  clean a work area. 
A)  decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture. 
B)  kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes. 
C)  kill all microbes in or on objects. 
D)  clean a work area.

Question 18

Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  rumens / nodules 
B)  nodules / rumens 
C)  nodules / fortrans 
D)  fortrans / rumens 
A)  rumens / nodules 
B)  nodules / rumens 
C)  nodules / fortrans 
D)  fortrans / rumens

Question 19

Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants.

Accepted Answer

A)  accelerates the natural cleanup process 
B)  exploits genetic exchange mechanisms 
C)  invokes microbial evolution 
D)  uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms 
A)  accelerates the natural cleanup process 
B)  exploits genetic exchange mechanisms 
C)  invokes microbial evolution 
D)  uses chemotaxis of biodegrading microorganisms

Question 20

Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiation 
B)  genetic exchange 
C)  maturation 
D)  mutagensis 
A)  differentiation 
B)  genetic exchange 
C)  maturation 
D)  mutagensis

Exam 1: The Microbial World

________ was the first to describe microorganisms, while ________ was the first person to see bacteria.

Explain why microbial cells are excellent models for understanding cell function in higher organisms.

The text states that antibiotics are derived from microorganisms. What is the benefit to an antibiotic-producing microorganism of producing an antibiotic in its natural habitat?

Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood.

All microorganisms require molecular oxygen to carry on life functions.

The person who described the "wee animalcules" was

Chemolithotrophy involves

Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for

________ was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called ________.

Electron microscopes have less resolving power (resolution) than light microscopes.

Microorganisms play key roles in the cycling of important nutrients in plant nutrition, particularly those of

Metabolism is a unifying characteristic of all cellular organisms.

Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for

Not only do some microorganisms tolerate extremely hot temperatures, some actually require high temperatures for optimal growth.

Approximately two billion years ago, ________ were primarily responsible for initially oxygenating Earth.

Louis Pasteur's most famous success was his work on

Microbial sterilization is used to

Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.

Bioremediation ________ by introducing pollutant-consuming microorganisms or specific nutrients that help microorganisms degrade pollutants.

Some microorganisms can undergo ________ in which various cell types can become specialized and arise from one parent cell type.

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

Filters

was the first to describe microorganisms, while was the first person to see bacteria.

was the first to identify a new form of autotrophy in which energy is obtained from oxidizing inorganic compounds called .

Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in , while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in .