Question 1

Laboratory-based genetic systems have been difficult to develop for Archaea, because they do NOT naturally undergo conjugation or transduction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  FALSE

Question 2

Transposition is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  homologous recombination event. 
B)  analogous recombination event. 
C)  site-specific recombination event. 
D)  general recombination event. 
A)  homologous recombination event. 
B)  analogous recombination event. 
C)  site-specific recombination event. 
D)  general recombination event. C

Question 3

If a bacterium carrying a plasmid that confers resistance to ampicillin is placed into medium without ampicillin, it may

Accepted Answer

A)  gain resistance to other antibiotics. 
B)  transfer resistance to other cultures in the laboratory. 
C)  undergo a reversion mutation. 
D)  lose the plasmid because there is no selection for ampicillin resistance. 
A)  gain resistance to other antibiotics. 
B)  transfer resistance to other cultures in the laboratory. 
C)  undergo a reversion mutation. 
D)  lose the plasmid because there is no selection for ampicillin resistance. D

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for a mutation in a gene that synthesizes one of the enzymes involved in tryptophan production?

Accepted Answer

A)  TrpC 
B)  trp 
C)  Trp⁻ 
D)  trpC1 
A)  TrpC 
B)  trp 
C)  Trp⁻ 
D)  trpC1

Question 5

The minimal amount of genetic information required for specialized transduction would include

Accepted Answer

A)  the att region. 
B)  the cos site. 
C)  a helper phage. 
D)  the att region, cos site, and a helper phage. 
A)  the att region. 
B)  the cos site. 
C)  a helper phage. 
D)  the att region, cos site, and a helper phage.

Question 6

Hfr means high frequency of ________, and these cells are capable of transferring genes from their ________ to other cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  transformation / chromosome 
B)  transduction / plasmids 
C)  recombination / chromosome 
D)  transduction / chromosome 
A)  transformation / chromosome 
B)  transduction / plasmids 
C)  recombination / chromosome 
D)  transduction / chromosome

Question 7

Which of the following factors has delayed the development of laboratory-based genetic systems in Archaea?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are no documented systems of conjugation in Archaea. 
B)  Homologous recombination does NOT occur in Archaea. 
C)  Archaea do NOT host viruses or plasmids. 
D)  Many archaea grow in extreme or unusual conditions that make the use of agar and traditional mutant screening techniques problematic. 
A)  There are no documented systems of conjugation in Archaea. 
B)  Homologous recombination does NOT occur in Archaea. 
C)  Archaea do NOT host viruses or plasmids. 
D)  Many archaea grow in extreme or unusual conditions that make the use of agar and traditional mutant screening techniques problematic.

Question 8

In the bacterial world, a gene located on which of the following would be the LEAST likely to be transferred?

Accepted Answer

A)  a resistance plasmid 
B) An F plasmid 
C)  the phage Mu 
D)  the chromosome 
A)  a resistance plasmid 
B) An F plasmid 
C)  the phage Mu 
D)  the chromosome

Question 9

When DNA is transferred into a prokaryotic cell it may

Accepted Answer

A)  be degraded by enzymes. 
B)  replicate independent of the host chromosome. 
C)  recombine with the host chromosome. 
D)  be degraded by enzymes, replicate independent of the host chromosome, or recombine with the host chromosome. 
A)  be degraded by enzymes. 
B)  replicate independent of the host chromosome. 
C)  recombine with the host chromosome. 
D)  be degraded by enzymes, replicate independent of the host chromosome, or recombine with the host chromosome.

Question 10

All Hfr strains possess an F factor integrated into the host chromosome.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Design an experiment (including controls) to determine if a new kitchen chemical cleaner is mutagenic. Include in your answer how you would interpret the results.

Accepted Answer

The Ames test could be used to determine

Question 12

A mutant that has a nutritional requirement for growth is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  autotroph. 
B)  auxotroph. 
C)  heterotroph. 
D)  organotroph. 
A)  autotroph. 
B)  auxotroph. 
C)  heterotroph. 
D)  organotroph.

Question 13

Lysogeny is essential for the virulence of many pathogenic bacterial strains.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

When damaged or single-stranded DNA activates the RecA protein, the RecA protein stimulates the cleavage of LexA. This results in

Accepted Answer

A)  repression of polymerase V and activation of endonuclease. 
B)  activation of the Hfr system. 
C)  derepression of the SOS system. 
D)  increased transduction and recombination. 
A)  repression of polymerase V and activation of endonuclease. 
B)  activation of the Hfr system. 
C)  derepression of the SOS system. 
D)  increased transduction and recombination.

Question 15

Ionizing radiation does NOT include

Accepted Answer

A)  gamma rays. 
B)  UV rays. 
C)  X-rays. 
D)  cosmic rays. 
A)  gamma rays. 
B)  UV rays. 
C)  X-rays. 
D)  cosmic rays.

Question 16

The use of transposons to generate mutations is a convenient way to create bacterial mutations in the laboratory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Compare and contrast generalized transduction with specialized transduction.

Accepted Answer

Transduction as a whole is the transfer

Question 18

Transposons can be found on many genetic elements, including plasmids, chromosomes, and viral genomes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The killing of cells by UV irradiation involves

Accepted Answer

A)  absorption at 260 nm by proteins only. 
B)  absorption at 260 nm by RNA only. 
C)  formation of pyrimidine dimers. 
D)  formation of purine dimers. 
A)  absorption at 260 nm by proteins only. 
B)  absorption at 260 nm by RNA only. 
C)  formation of pyrimidine dimers. 
D)  formation of purine dimers.

Question 20

Mutation rates are similar in Bacteria and Archaea, yet certain stressful conditions mutation rates increase. Why is the mutation rate not constant and close to zero all of the time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased mutation rates can be advantageous in rapidly changing environments because some random mutations may be useful for survival. 
B)  Microorganisms carefully control the mutation rate of their DNA to match the environmental conditions and maximize evolution. 
C)  The increased mutation rate under stressful conditions is an indication that the microorganisms can no longer replicate their DNA properly and are about to die. 
D)  Constant mutation rates would halt evolution completely. 
A)  Increased mutation rates can be advantageous in rapidly changing environments because some random mutations may be useful for survival. 
B)  Microorganisms carefully control the mutation rate of their DNA to match the environmental conditions and maximize evolution. 
C)  The increased mutation rate under stressful conditions is an indication that the microorganisms can no longer replicate their DNA properly and are about to die. 
D)  Constant mutation rates would halt evolution completely.

Exam 11: Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Laboratory-based genetic systems have been difficult to develop for Archaea, because they do NOT naturally undergo conjugation or transduction.

Transposition is a(n)

If a bacterium carrying a plasmid that confers resistance to ampicillin is placed into medium without ampicillin, it may

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for a mutation in a gene that synthesizes one of the enzymes involved in tryptophan production?

The minimal amount of genetic information required for specialized transduction would include

Hfr means high frequency of ________, and these cells are capable of transferring genes from their ________ to other cells.

Which of the following factors has delayed the development of laboratory-based genetic systems in Archaea?

In the bacterial world, a gene located on which of the following would be the LEAST likely to be transferred?

When DNA is transferred into a prokaryotic cell it may

All Hfr strains possess an F factor integrated into the host chromosome.

Design an experiment (including controls) to determine if a new kitchen chemical cleaner is mutagenic. Include in your answer how you would interpret the results.

A mutant that has a nutritional requirement for growth is an example of a(n)

Lysogeny is essential for the virulence of many pathogenic bacterial strains.

When damaged or single-stranded DNA activates the RecA protein, the RecA protein stimulates the cleavage of LexA. This results in

Ionizing radiation does NOT include

The use of transposons to generate mutations is a convenient way to create bacterial mutations in the laboratory.

Compare and contrast generalized transduction with specialized transduction.

Transposons can be found on many genetic elements, including plasmids, chromosomes, and viral genomes.

The killing of cells by UV irradiation involves

Mutation rates are similar in Bacteria and Archaea, yet certain stressful conditions mutation rates increase. Why is the mutation rate not constant and close to zero all of the time?

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

Filters

Hfr means high frequency of , and these cells are capable of transferring genes from their to other cells.