Exam 4: Learning Memory

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A department store decides to use "secret shoppers" at unannounced times to test for service quality among its personnel. Store personnel are rewarded for providing excellent customer service. Which reinforcement schedule has been used in this situation?

Explain the term "extinction."

According to the definition of learning, how could a researcher ever show that cognitive learning had taken place in a subject?

The Google Effect is the tendency for people to rely too heavily on the ability to easily access content online and, as a result, be less likely to remember certain details.

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls, and his mouth begins to water. He looks around the room and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is more closely associated with which of the following learning methods?

Punishment is one way that instrumental conditioning occurs.

Claudia Norman, a marketing consultant, recommended that brand equity for a new environmentally friendly product could be established by giving initial customers free memberships in the Sierra Club organization. Claudia used which of the following in her recommendation?

Samantha is passing down the cereal aisle when she spots a box of Frosted Flakes cereal featuring Tony the Tiger on the box front. She remembers the taste of the cereal and how much fun she had talking to Tony while she ate her cereal as a kid. She buys a box and leaves the cereal aisle without examining any other cereal products. What aspect of the retrieval process did Samantha use in her product search process?

Explain the term "chunking."

Scott thought of himself as a very successful marketer. He created a campaign with a product logo that was very popular and that customers associated with a quality product. It was so popular that in a few months, the logo began to appear almost everywhere. Instead of increasing sales of the product, the customer demand began to decrease as competitors' products became more successful. What characteristic of learning was most likely ruining Scott's apparent success?

List and explain the three stages of memory.

A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.

Classical conditioning occurs when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own.

When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.

The process of acquiring information and storing it over time is called ________.

List and explain the three stages of cognitive development.

Jason heard an old but familiar song that reminded him about a summer in Austria when he was in college. As he thought more about his summer of the past, a flood of memories came rushing back. Describe what was happening to Jason in terms of memory markers. What specific term is used to describe the process whereby his memories came flooding back?

The observational learning process begins with a person being motivated to perform an action.