Question 1

Describe the underlying processes that facilitate effortless and effortful selection of stimuli in a visual search.

Accepted Answer

The underlying processes that facilitate effortless and effortful selection of stimuli in a visual search involve a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes.

Effortless selection occurs when the visual system automatically and rapidly detects stimuli that stand out from their surroundings. This is known as preattentive processing, where features such as color, orientation, and motion are processed in parallel across the visual field. This allows for the effortless detection of salient stimuli without the need for focused attention.

Effortful selection, on the other hand, involves more controlled and focused attention. This occurs when stimuli do not automatically stand out and require more cognitive effort to be detected. In these cases, top-down processes such as attentional control and feature integration come into play. Attentional control allows for the allocation of attention to specific locations or features, while feature integration involves the binding of different features into a coherent object representation.

Overall, the effortless and effortful selection of stimuli in visual search is facilitated by a combination of automatic preattentive processing and controlled top-down attentional processes. This allows for the efficient detection of both salient and non-salient stimuli in the visual environment.

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
  There are three possible ways attention might affect single-cell recordings. Which way is demonstrated by the experiment whose results are illustrated in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attention has globally enhanced the cell's receptive field. 
B)  Attention has sharpened the tuning of this cell's receptive field. 
C)  Attention has not affected this neuron because both stimuli are in its receptive field. 
D)  Attention has shifted the tuning of this cell's receptive field. 
A)  Attention has globally enhanced the cell's receptive field. 
B)  Attention has sharpened the tuning of this cell's receptive field. 
C)  Attention has not affected this neuron because both stimuli are in its receptive field. 
D)  Attention has shifted the tuning of this cell's receptive field. D

Question 3

Matching
-Impaired judgment and planning

Accepted Answer

A)  Dorsolateral frontal damage 
B)  Orbitofrontal damage 
C)  Parietal damage 
A)  Dorsolateral frontal damage 
B)  Orbitofrontal damage 
C)  Parietal damage A

Question 4

Which sequence of the brain events that determine reaction time on a choice reaction time test is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
B)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
C)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
D)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
A)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
B)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
C)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle 
D)  Retina F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 LGN F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V1 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V4 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 primary motor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 inferior temporal lobe F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 prefrontal cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 premotor cortex F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 spinal cord F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 finger muscle

Question 5

The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing.

Accepted Answer

A)  visual stimulus 
B)  early-selection 
C)  late-selection 
D)  early sensory 
A)  visual stimulus 
B)  early-selection 
C)  late-selection 
D)  early sensory

Question 6

Describe how predicted patterns of brain activity were obtained using training video clips, along with YouTube video clips, and describe how these predictions compare with actual visual experience.

Accepted Answer

Computer modeling work by Gallant and hi

Question 7

Exogenous attention is

Accepted Answer

A)  difficult to consciously repress. 
B)  based on conscious processing. 
C)  oriented to sensory events 
D)  Both a and c 
A)  difficult to consciously repress. 
B)  based on conscious processing. 
C)  oriented to sensory events 
D)  Both a and c

Question 8

Using fMRI, researchers determined that subjects were conscious of their decision to press a button

Accepted Answer

A)  well before any brain activity suggested a decision. 
B)  about 5 seconds after activation of the motor cortex. 
C)  at about the same time as activity in the decision-making regions of their brains. 
D)  about 3 seconds after activity in the decision-making regions of their brains. 
A)  well before any brain activity suggested a decision. 
B)  about 5 seconds after activation of the motor cortex. 
C)  at about the same time as activity in the decision-making regions of their brains. 
D)  about 3 seconds after activity in the decision-making regions of their brains.

Question 9

Compare and contrast the two overall cortical networks for higher-order attention processing.

Accepted Answer

The two overall cortical networks for hi

Question 10

You are winding your way through a crowded room when you meet an old friend. Despite being surrounded by interesting sights and lots of noise, you are able to strike up and follow a conversation with your friend, thanks to

Accepted Answer

A)  covert attention. 
B)  arousal. 
C)  selective gazing. 
D)  the cocktail party effect. 
A)  covert attention. 
B)  arousal. 
C)  selective gazing. 
D)  the cocktail party effect.

Question 11

When we focus on simple tasks or objects, the relatively light _______ allows for the processing of additional stimuli (i.e., multi-tasking).

Accepted Answer

The answer of When we focus on simple tasks or...

Question 12

Despite high levels of background noise, you are able to selectively tune in to what your friend is saying in a crowded bar. This selective enhancement is referred to as the ______ effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Despite high levels of background noise, you...

Question 13

Matching
-Impaired social insight _____

Accepted Answer

A)  Dorsolateral frontal damage 
B)  Orbitofrontal damage 
C)  Parietal damage 
A)  Dorsolateral frontal damage 
B)  Orbitofrontal damage 
C)  Parietal damage

Question 14

When you detect a friend in a crowd because of his yellow coat among people wearing black coats, you have performed a feature search. If no such distinctive feature had "popped out," you would have had to perform a _______ search, looking for multiple features such as height, gender, and hair color.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When you detect a friend in a...

Question 15

What is selective attention and explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes. Include attentional spotlight in your answer.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is the process by wh

Question 16

The _______ plays a significant role in shifting attention to a novel location, especially if the stimulus is unexpected.

Accepted Answer

TPJ (tempo

Question 17

There is some evidence to support the claim that video games can

Accepted Answer

A)  improve social and emotional processing. 
B)  improve visual attention capacity. 
C)  decrease the amplitude of the P3 component related to sustained attention. 
D)  improve sustained attention. 
A)  improve social and emotional processing. 
B)  improve visual attention capacity. 
C)  decrease the amplitude of the P3 component related to sustained attention. 
D)  improve sustained attention.

Question 18

Refer to the figure.
  Which statement explains the significance of the results shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Due to inhibition of return, the longer reaction time after an invalid stimulus is directly proportional to the delay between the invalid stimulus and the target stimulus. 
B)  When the delay between a valid cue and the target stimulus is long, subjects focus everywhere else, lengthening their reaction time for detecting the target. 
C)  The phenomenon in which shorter times between a valid stimulus and the appearance of the target stimulus are associated with shorter reaction times for detecting the target stimulus is called inhibition of return. 
D)  Once a subject has looked toward a stimulus, their ability to detect a target stimulus in the same location is inhibited. 
A)  Due to inhibition of return, the longer reaction time after an invalid stimulus is directly proportional to the delay between the invalid stimulus and the target stimulus. 
B)  When the delay between a valid cue and the target stimulus is long, subjects focus everywhere else, lengthening their reaction time for detecting the target. 
C)  The phenomenon in which shorter times between a valid stimulus and the appearance of the target stimulus are associated with shorter reaction times for detecting the target stimulus is called inhibition of return. 
D)  Once a subject has looked toward a stimulus, their ability to detect a target stimulus in the same location is inhibited.

Question 19

Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the N1 ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the...

Question 20

Which structure guides attentional eye movements?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intraparietal sulcus 
B)  Superior colliculus 
C)  Pulvinar 
D)  Lateral geniculate nucleus 
A)  Intraparietal sulcus 
B)  Superior colliculus 
C)  Pulvinar 
D)  Lateral geniculate nucleus

Describe the underlying processes that facilitate effortless and effortful selection of stimuli in a visual search.

Refer to the figure. There are three possible ways attention might affect single-cell recordings. Which way is demonstrated by the experiment whose results are illustrated in the figure?

Matching -Impaired judgment and planning

Which sequence of the brain events that determine reaction time on a choice reaction time test is correct?

The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing.

Describe how predicted patterns of brain activity were obtained using training video clips, along with YouTube video clips, and describe how these predictions compare with actual visual experience.

Exogenous attention is

Using fMRI, researchers determined that subjects were conscious of their decision to press a button

Compare and contrast the two overall cortical networks for higher-order attention processing.

You are winding your way through a crowded room when you meet an old friend. Despite being surrounded by interesting sights and lots of noise, you are able to strike up and follow a conversation with your friend, thanks to

When we focus on simple tasks or objects, the relatively light _______ allows for the processing of additional stimuli (i.e., multi-tasking).

Despite high levels of background noise, you are able to selectively tune in to what your friend is saying in a crowded bar. This selective enhancement is referred to as the ______ effect.

Matching -Impaired social insight _____

When you detect a friend in a crowd because of his yellow coat among people wearing black coats, you have performed a feature search. If no such distinctive feature had "popped out," you would have had to perform a _______ search, looking for multiple features such as height, gender, and hair color.

What is selective attention and explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes. Include attentional spotlight in your answer.

The _______ plays a significant role in shifting attention to a novel location, especially if the stimulus is unexpected.

There is some evidence to support the claim that video games can

Refer to the figure. Which statement explains the significance of the results shown in the figure?

Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the N1 ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.

Which structure guides attentional eye movements?

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Motor Control and Plasticity

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Language and Lateralization

Filters

Exam 18: Attention and Higher Cognition

Describe the underlying processes that facilitate effortless and effortful selection of stimuli in a visual search.

Refer to the figure. There are three possible ways attention might affect single-cell recordings. Which way is demonstrated by the experiment whose results are illustrated in the figure?

Matching -Impaired judgment and planning

Which sequence of the brain events that determine reaction time on a choice reaction time test is correct?

The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing.

Describe how predicted patterns of brain activity were obtained using training video clips, along with YouTube video clips, and describe how these predictions compare with actual visual experience.

Exogenous attention is

Using fMRI, researchers determined that subjects were conscious of their decision to press a button

Compare and contrast the two overall cortical networks for higher-order attention processing.

You are winding your way through a crowded room when you meet an old friend. Despite being surrounded by interesting sights and lots of noise, you are able to strike up and follow a conversation with your friend, thanks to

When we focus on simple tasks or objects, the relatively light _______ allows for the processing of additional stimuli (i.e., multi-tasking).

Despite high levels of background noise, you are able to selectively tune in to what your friend is saying in a crowded bar. This selective enhancement is referred to as the ______ effect.

Matching -Impaired social insight _____

What is selective attention and explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes. Include attentional spotlight in your answer.

The _______ plays a significant role in shifting attention to a novel location, especially if the stimulus is unexpected.

There is some evidence to support the claim that video games can

Refer to the figure. Which statement explains the significance of the results shown in the figure?

Auditory attention produces an enhancement of the N1 ERP component, whereas visual attention produces enhancement of the _______ component.

Which structure guides attentional eye movements?

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Motor Control and Plasticity

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Language and Lateralization

Filters