Chat with AIExam 4: The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology
Define the different types of tolerance and give examples of drugs that can cause each.
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotThere are several types of tolerance that can occur with drug use. These include:
1. Pharmacodynamic tolerance: This type of tolerance occurs when the body becomes less responsive to a drug over time. This can happen when the body adjusts to the presence of a drug and reduces the number of receptors available for the drug to bind to. Examples of drugs that can cause pharmacodynamic tolerance include opioids such as morphine and heroin.
2. Metabolic tolerance: Metabolic tolerance occurs when the body becomes more efficient at metabolizing a drug, leading to reduced effects. This can happen with drugs like alcohol and caffeine, where the body becomes better at breaking down and eliminating the substance.
3. Tachyphylaxis: This type of tolerance refers to a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated doses over a short period of time. This can occur with drugs like nitroglycerin, which is used to treat angina.
4. Behavioral tolerance: Behavioral tolerance occurs when a person learns to function normally despite the presence of a drug. This can happen with drugs like benzodiazepines, where individuals may develop tolerance to the sedative effects but still show impairment in cognitive and motor skills.
It's important to note that tolerance can lead to increased drug use, which can in turn lead to dependence and addiction. It's always important to use medications as prescribed and to seek help if you or someone you know is struggling with drug tolerance or addiction.
There are ________ classes of receptors for GABA.
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Historically, some native hunters have been known to immobilize prey using chemicals isolated from plants. Which substance would work best for this purpose?
(28) The receptor depicted in the figure is a ligand-gated _______ channel that, when activated by barbiturates, can reduce anxiety.
(29) The neuromodulator adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on
(42) Heroin is a strong, addictive pain killer. When injected into the _______, the drug binds to_______ and causes strong analgesia.
(38) Damage to the locus coeruleus would result in decreased production of
(33) Give a brief overview of the discovery of classes of neurotransmitters and the criteria by which a compound is established as a transmitter.
(29) The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors.
(39) The active ingredient in marijuana, THC, exerts its effects on the brain through interactions with _______ receptors.
(36) A major source of fibers containing norepinephrine is the _______.
(33) Drugs such as alprazolam (Xanax) work at _______ receptors which are _______.
(33) The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
(33) You discover a protein that has a binding site for benzodiazapines, steroids, and barbiturates. This protein probably binds
(31) The enzyme responsible for breaking down molecules of the transmitter acetylcholine is _______.
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