Question 1

Curare and bungarotoxin are similar in that they both

Accepted Answer

A)  act on the GABA receptor. 
B)  act as acetylcholine receptor agonists. 
C)  come from animals. 
D)  act as acetylcholine receptor antagonists. 
A)  act on the GABA receptor. 
B)  act as acetylcholine receptor agonists. 
C)  come from animals. 
D)  act as acetylcholine receptor antagonists. D

Question 2

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; action potential; absolute refractory phase; relative refractory phase.

Accepted Answer

Sodium channels and potassium channels play crucial roles in the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. When a neuron is at rest, the sodium channels are closed, and the potassium channels are partially open, maintaining the resting membrane potential. When a stimulus is received, the sodium channels open, allowing an influx of sodium ions, which depolarizes the membrane and triggers an action potential. This depolarization also causes the potassium channels to open, allowing an efflux of potassium ions, which repolarizes the membrane. During the absolute refractory phase, the sodium channels are inactivated and unable to open, preventing the generation of another action potential. During the relative refractory phase, the potassium channels are still open, and the membrane potential is hyperpolarized, requiring a stronger stimulus to generate another action potential. Overall, the coordinated opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels are essential for the generation and regulation of action potentials in neurons.

Question 3

Discuss the characteristics of temporal and spatial summation in single nerve cells. In what ways are these processes important for information processing by the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Temporal and spatial summation are two important processes in single nerve cells that play a crucial role in information processing by the nervous system.

Temporal summation refers to the process by which a single nerve cell integrates multiple signals over time. When a nerve cell receives repeated stimuli in quick succession, the individual signals can add up and reach the threshold for triggering an action potential. This allows for the integration of information from different sources and helps in determining the strength and frequency of the incoming signals.

Spatial summation, on the other hand, involves the integration of signals from multiple synaptic inputs occurring at different locations on the nerve cell. When the combined input from these synapses reaches the threshold, it can trigger an action potential. This process allows for the integration of information from different parts of the nervous system and helps in determining the spatial distribution of the incoming signals.

Both temporal and spatial summation are important for information processing by the nervous system. They allow nerve cells to integrate and process a wide range of sensory inputs, enabling the brain to make complex decisions and generate appropriate responses. These processes also play a crucial role in learning and memory, as they allow for the strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections based on the patterns and timing of incoming signals.

In summary, temporal and spatial summation are essential processes in single nerve cells that enable the integration and processing of information from multiple sources. They are fundamental to the functioning of the nervous system and play a crucial role in various cognitive processes.

Question 4

Matching
-Chloride _____

Accepted Answer

A)  Depolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane during an action potential 
B)  Involved with the binding of neurotransmitter vesicles in the axon terminal 
C)  Hyperpolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane after an action potential 
D)  Hyperpolarizes neurons when it enters cell 
A)  Depolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane during an action potential 
B)  Involved with the binding of neurotransmitter vesicles in the axon terminal 
C)  Hyperpolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane after an action potential 
D)  Hyperpolarizes neurons when it enters cell

Question 5

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of

Accepted Answer

A)  digital event. 
B)  action potential. 
C)  resting potential. 
D)  graded potential. 
A)  digital event. 
B)  action potential. 
C)  resting potential. 
D)  graded potential.

Question 6

Simple partial seizures are characterized by _______ EEG activity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Simple partial seizures are characterized by _______...

Question 7

Ion channels can be disrupted in many ways. Describe three types of toxins that can interfere with normal ion channel function. Explain their origins and how they work.

Accepted Answer

1. Neurotoxins: Neurotoxins are toxins t

Question 8

A compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapse of a neuron is called

Accepted Answer

A)  antagonistic regulation. 
B)  agonist regulation. 
C)  up-regulation. 
D)  down-regulation. 
A)  antagonistic regulation. 
B)  agonist regulation. 
C)  up-regulation. 
D)  down-regulation.

Question 9

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; ion flow; equilibrium; resting potential.

Accepted Answer

Sodium channels and potassium channels a

Question 10

Describe the recognition of transmitter molecules by receptors, and the types of effects that transmitters have on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Accepted Answer

The recognition of transmitter molecules

Question 11

Summarize the mechanism by which the voltage-gated Na+ ion channel's shape changes, thereby altering ion flow through the cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

The voltage-gated Na^+ (Sodium) ion chan

Question 12

The absolute refractory period refers to the brief period of time

Accepted Answer

A)  during which a postsynaptic receptor cannot bind another neurotransmitter. 
B)  after a neuron has fired an action potential, during which the same neuron cannot fire another action potential. 
C)  after exocytosis and before the release of more neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cleft. 
D)  following a response to any hyperpolarizing input. 
A)  during which a postsynaptic receptor cannot bind another neurotransmitter. 
B)  after a neuron has fired an action potential, during which the same neuron cannot fire another action potential. 
C)  after exocytosis and before the release of more neurotransmitter from the presynaptic cleft. 
D)  following a response to any hyperpolarizing input.

Question 13

The poison extracted from the mushroom Amanita muscaria is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  GABA receptor agonist. 
B)  GABA receptor antagonist. 
C)  acetylcholine receptor antagonist. 
D)  acetylcholine receptor agonist. 
A)  GABA receptor agonist. 
B)  GABA receptor antagonist. 
C)  acetylcholine receptor antagonist. 
D)  acetylcholine receptor agonist.

Question 14

At the K+ equilibrium potential, the electrostatic pressure pulling K+ ions into the neuron is balanced by the concentration gradient pushing them out; at this point, the resting membrane potential is about _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  -65 mV 
B)  -40 mV 
C)  +40 mV 
D)  +100 mV 
A)  -65 mV 
B)  -40 mV 
C)  +40 mV 
D)  +100 mV

Question 15

_______ (reduction of the resting potential) of an axon until it reaches a threshold value opens voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels, making the membrane completely _______ to sodium ions (Na+). The Na+ ions rush in, and the axon becomes briefly more positive inside than outside. This event is called an _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Depolarization; permeable; action potential 
B)  Upregulation; impermeable; action potential 
C)  Up-polarization; permeable; adverse reaction 
D)  Deregulation; impermeable; adverse reaction 
A)  Depolarization; permeable; action potential 
B)  Upregulation; impermeable; action potential 
C)  Up-polarization; permeable; adverse reaction 
D)  Deregulation; impermeable; adverse reaction

Question 16

Neurons process information by integrating (summing algebraically) the postsynaptic potentials through both _______ summation (summing potentials from different locations) and _______ summation (summing potentials across time).

Accepted Answer

A)  temporal; spatial 
B)  spectral; temporal 
C)  spatial; temporal 
D)  spectral; chemical 
A)  temporal; spatial 
B)  spectral; temporal 
C)  spatial; temporal 
D)  spectral; chemical

Question 17

If you wanted to hyperpolarize a neuron, which opsin would you insert and which color of light would you shine onto the neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Channelrhodopsin and blue light 
B)  Channelrhodopsin and yellow light 
C)  Falorhodopsin and blue light 
D)  Halorhodopsin and yellow light 
A)  Channelrhodopsin and blue light 
B)  Channelrhodopsin and yellow light 
C)  Falorhodopsin and blue light 
D)  Halorhodopsin and yellow light

Question 18

Acetylcholine receptors are thought to be in the same family as GABA, glycine, and glutamate receptors because they

Accepted Answer

A)  bind the same neurotransmitters. 
B)  have a similar structure. 
C)  are found in the same neurons. 
D)  all cause inhibitory responses. 
A)  bind the same neurotransmitters. 
B)  have a similar structure. 
C)  are found in the same neurons. 
D)  all cause inhibitory responses.

Question 19

Describe the basis for optogenetics, including the types of light-sensitive proteins used, and how this technique offers an advantage over standard neurophysiological techniques using electrodes.

Accepted Answer

Optogenetics is a technique that allows

Question 20

At the peak of the action potential, the axonal membrane approaches the equilibrium potential for

Accepted Answer

A)  K+. 
B)  Na+. 
C)  Cl-. 
D)  negatively charged proteins. 
A)  K+. 
B)  Na+. 
C)  Cl-. 
D)  negatively charged proteins.

Curare and bungarotoxin are similar in that they both

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; action potential; absolute refractory phase; relative refractory phase.

Discuss the characteristics of temporal and spatial summation in single nerve cells. In what ways are these processes important for information processing by the nervous system?

Matching -Chloride _____

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of

Simple partial seizures are characterized by _______ EEG activity.

Ion channels can be disrupted in many ways. Describe three types of toxins that can interfere with normal ion channel function. Explain their origins and how they work.

A compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapse of a neuron is called

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; ion flow; equilibrium; resting potential.

Describe the recognition of transmitter molecules by receptors, and the types of effects that transmitters have on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Summarize the mechanism by which the voltage-gated Na⁺ ion channel's shape changes, thereby altering ion flow through the cell membrane.

The absolute refractory period refers to the brief period of time

The poison extracted from the mushroom Amanita muscaria is a(n)

At the K⁺ equilibrium potential, the electrostatic pressure pulling K⁺ ions into the neuron is balanced by the concentration gradient pushing them out; at this point, the resting membrane potential is about _______.

Neurons process information by integrating (summing algebraically) the postsynaptic potentials through both _ summation (summing potentials from different locations) and _ summation (summing potentials across time).

If you wanted to hyperpolarize a neuron, which opsin would you insert and which color of light would you shine onto the neuron?

Acetylcholine receptors are thought to be in the same family as GABA, glycine, and glutamate receptors because they

Describe the basis for optogenetics, including the types of light-sensitive proteins used, and how this technique offers an advantage over standard neurophysiological techniques using electrodes.

At the peak of the action potential, the axonal membrane approaches the equilibrium potential for

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Motor Control and Plasticity

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Attention and Higher Cognition

Language and Lateralization

Filters

Exam 3: Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals

Curare and bungarotoxin are similar in that they both

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; action potential; absolute refractory phase; relative refractory phase.

Discuss the characteristics of temporal and spatial summation in single nerve cells. In what ways are these processes important for information processing by the nervous system?

Matching -Chloride _____

Postsynaptic potentials are a type of

Simple partial seizures are characterized by _______ EEG activity.

Ion channels can be disrupted in many ways. Describe three types of toxins that can interfere with normal ion channel function. Explain their origins and how they work.

A compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapse of a neuron is called

Write a coherent and informative paragraph incorporating each of the following terms or concepts: sodium channels; potassium channels; ion flow; equilibrium; resting potential.

Describe the recognition of transmitter molecules by receptors, and the types of effects that transmitters have on ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Summarize the mechanism by which the voltage-gated Na+ ion channel's shape changes, thereby altering ion flow through the cell membrane.

The absolute refractory period refers to the brief period of time

The poison extracted from the mushroom Amanita muscaria is a(n)

At the K+ equilibrium potential, the electrostatic pressure pulling K+ ions into the neuron is balanced by the concentration gradient pushing them out; at this point, the resting membrane potential is about _______.

Neurons process information by integrating (summing algebraically) the postsynaptic potentials through both _______ summation (summing potentials from different locations) and _______ summation (summing potentials across time).

If you wanted to hyperpolarize a neuron, which opsin would you insert and which color of light would you shine onto the neuron?

Acetylcholine receptors are thought to be in the same family as GABA, glycine, and glutamate receptors because they

Describe the basis for optogenetics, including the types of light-sensitive proteins used, and how this technique offers an advantage over standard neurophysiological techniques using electrodes.

At the peak of the action potential, the axonal membrane approaches the equilibrium potential for

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Motor Control and Plasticity

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Attention and Higher Cognition

Language and Lateralization

Filters

Summarize the mechanism by which the voltage-gated Na⁺ ion channel's shape changes, thereby altering ion flow through the cell membrane.

At the K⁺ equilibrium potential, the electrostatic pressure pulling K⁺ ions into the neuron is balanced by the concentration gradient pushing them out; at this point, the resting membrane potential is about _______.

Neurons process information by integrating (summing algebraically) the postsynaptic potentials through both _ summation (summing potentials from different locations) and _ summation (summing potentials across time).