Question 1

The motor unit is a

Accepted Answer

A)  single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates. 
B)  collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group. 
C)  collection of motor axons that produce the same movement. 
D)  single motor axon and a single muscle fiber. 
A)  single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates. 
B)  collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group. 
C)  collection of motor axons that produce the same movement. 
D)  single motor axon and a single muscle fiber. A

Question 2

Thick and thin filaments of muscle are made up of

Accepted Answer

A)  actin and myosin. 
B)  fast and slow fibers. 
C)  synergists and antagonists. 
D)  intrafusal and extrafusal fibers. 
A)  actin and myosin. 
B)  fast and slow fibers. 
C)  synergists and antagonists. 
D)  intrafusal and extrafusal fibers. A

Question 3

Describe the functional and anatomical distinctions between primary and nonprimary motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

The primary motor cortex, also known as M1, is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and is responsible for the execution of voluntary movements. It contains a somatotopic map, meaning that different parts of the body are represented in specific areas of the cortex. This allows for precise control over individual muscle groups.

On the other hand, the nonprimary motor cortex includes areas such as the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area. These areas are involved in planning and coordinating movements, as well as in the learning and execution of complex motor tasks. They also play a role in the initiation of movements and in the coordination of bilateral movements.

Anatomically, the primary motor cortex has direct connections to the spinal cord, allowing for the direct control of muscle movements. The nonprimary motor cortex, on the other hand, has connections to the primary motor cortex as well as to other areas of the brain involved in motor planning and coordination.

Overall, the primary motor cortex is primarily responsible for the execution of voluntary movements, while the nonprimary motor cortex is involved in the planning and coordination of these movements, as well as in the learning and execution of complex motor tasks.

Question 4

Summarize the different mechanisms of movements and the trade-off between speed and accuracy.

Accepted Answer

Movement involves a trade-off between sp

Question 5

Which of the following is not a symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sudden flinging movements of the arms 
B)  Loss of facial expression 
C)  Tremors at rest 
D)  Loss of spontaneous actions 
A)  Sudden flinging movements of the arms 
B)  Loss of facial expression 
C)  Tremors at rest 
D)  Loss of spontaneous actions

Question 6

What is(are) the transmitter(s) at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endogenous opioids 
B)  Glutamate 
C)  Various peptides 
D)  Acetylcholine 
A)  Endogenous opioids 
B)  Glutamate 
C)  Various peptides 
D)  Acetylcholine

Question 7

Golgi tendon organs report muscle

Accepted Answer

A)  stretch. 
B)  damage. 
C)  contraction. 
D)  thickness. 
A)  stretch. 
B)  damage. 
C)  contraction. 
D)  thickness.

Question 8

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves

Accepted Answer

A)  a single gene located on chromosome 9. 
B)  a single gene located on the X chromosome. 
C)  polygenic control mechanisms. 
D)  a single gene located on the Y chromosome. 
A)  a single gene located on chromosome 9. 
B)  a single gene located on the X chromosome. 
C)  polygenic control mechanisms. 
D)  a single gene located on the Y chromosome.

Question 9

Destruction of a stretch of the spinal cord (as opposed to a clean cut) results in _______ paralysis below the level of the injury.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Destruction of a stretch of the spinal...

Question 10

Open-loop control is characteristic of _______ movements.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Open-loop control is characteristic of _______ movements....

Question 11

A complex set of commands to muscles that is established before a behavior starts is called a

Accepted Answer

A)  closed-loop program. 
B)  temporary paralysis. 
C)  motor plan. 
D)  ballistic event. 
A)  closed-loop program. 
B)  temporary paralysis. 
C)  motor plan. 
D)  ballistic event.

Question 12

Electromyography studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by

Accepted Answer

A)  a brief cessation of breathing. 
B)  rapid eye movements. 
C)  recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle." 
D)  a postural response. 
A)  a brief cessation of breathing. 
B)  rapid eye movements. 
C)  recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle." 
D)  a postural response.

Question 13

Fetal cell transplants have been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, but some recipients develop severe involuntary movements. A possible reason for this outcome is

Accepted Answer

A)  a deficit of dopamine in the brains of these patients. 
B)  excess acetylcholine in these patients. 
C)  that the fetal cells were placed in the wrong nucleus. 
D)  inappropriate signaling from the new dopamine cells. 
A)  a deficit of dopamine in the brains of these patients. 
B)  excess acetylcholine in these patients. 
C)  that the fetal cells were placed in the wrong nucleus. 
D)  inappropriate signaling from the new dopamine cells.

Question 14

In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display _______ motor behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  complex 
B)  rapid 
C)  accurate 
D)  open-loop 
A)  complex 
B)  rapid 
C)  accurate 
D)  open-loop

Question 15

Refer to the figure showing an experiment in which one neuron is being measured under two conditions.
  Which statement best explains why this neuron is not especially active in condition 2?

Accepted Answer

A)  The M1 motor neuron being measured is specifically involved in picking up a box, but the subject realizes there is no box in condition B, so the motor neuron fires less robustly. 
B)  The mirror neuron being measured is specific to reaching for a box, and there is no box in condition B. 
C)  The mirror neuron being measured is from an autistic subject, thus this copycat neuron is underactive 
D)  The SMA neuron being measured is active in condition A, when the subject is reaching for a box, but not in condition B, when the subject is simply mentally rehearsing the complex movement sequence. 
A)  The M1 motor neuron being measured is specifically involved in picking up a box, but the subject realizes there is no box in condition B, so the motor neuron fires less robustly. 
B)  The mirror neuron being measured is specific to reaching for a box, and there is no box in condition B. 
C)  The mirror neuron being measured is from an autistic subject, thus this copycat neuron is underactive 
D)  The SMA neuron being measured is active in condition A, when the subject is reaching for a box, but not in condition B, when the subject is simply mentally rehearsing the complex movement sequence.

Question 16

The _______ is responsible for our ability to track visual objects as the head moves.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus 
B)  vestibulocerebellum 
C)  globus pallidus 
D)  putamen 
A)  hippocampus 
B)  vestibulocerebellum 
C)  globus pallidus 
D)  putamen

Question 17

The wrist joint has _______ plane(s) of movement.

Accepted Answer

A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  multiple 
A)  one 
B)  two 
C)  three 
D)  multiple

Question 18

Discuss the contributions of noncortical motor control systems to the organization and execution of movements.

Accepted Answer

The basal ganglia work with the motor co

Question 19

After undergoing genetic screening, a person discovers he has 45 CAG trinucleotide repeats. This person will mostly likely develop

Accepted Answer

A)  Parkinson's disease. 
B)  Huntington's disease. 
C)  myasthenia gravis. 
D)  muscular dystrophy. 
A)  Parkinson's disease. 
B)  Huntington's disease. 
C)  myasthenia gravis. 
D)  muscular dystrophy.

Question 20

The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motoneuron axon is called its _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The number of muscle fibers innervated by...

The motor unit is a

Thick and thin filaments of muscle are made up of

Describe the functional and anatomical distinctions between primary and nonprimary motor cortex.

Summarize the different mechanisms of movements and the trade-off between speed and accuracy.

Which of the following is not a symptom of Parkinson's disease?

What is(are) the transmitter(s) at the neuromuscular junction?

Golgi tendon organs report muscle

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves

Destruction of a stretch of the spinal cord (as opposed to a clean cut) results in _______ paralysis below the level of the injury.

Open-loop control is characteristic of _______ movements.

A complex set of commands to muscles that is established before a behavior starts is called a

Electromyography studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by

Fetal cell transplants have been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, but some recipients develop severe involuntary movements. A possible reason for this outcome is

In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display _______ motor behavior.

Refer to the figure showing an experiment in which one neuron is being measured under two conditions. Which statement best explains why this neuron is not especially active in condition 2?

The _______ is responsible for our ability to track visual objects as the head moves.

The wrist joint has _______ plane(s) of movement.

Discuss the contributions of noncortical motor control systems to the organization and execution of movements.

After undergoing genetic screening, a person discovers he has 45 CAG trinucleotide repeats. This person will mostly likely develop

The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motoneuron axon is called its _______.

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Attention and Higher Cognition

Language and Lateralization

Filters

Exam 11: Motor Control and Plasticity

The motor unit is a

Thick and thin filaments of muscle are made up of

Describe the functional and anatomical distinctions between primary and nonprimary motor cortex.

Summarize the different mechanisms of movements and the trade-off between speed and accuracy.

Which of the following is not a symptom of Parkinson's disease?

What is(are) the transmitter(s) at the neuromuscular junction?

Golgi tendon organs report muscle

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves

Destruction of a stretch of the spinal cord (as opposed to a clean cut) results in _______ paralysis below the level of the injury.

Open-loop control is characteristic of _______ movements.

A complex set of commands to muscles that is established before a behavior starts is called a

Electromyography studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by

Fetal cell transplants have been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, but some recipients develop severe involuntary movements. A possible reason for this outcome is

In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display _______ motor behavior.

Refer to the figure showing an experiment in which one neuron is being measured under two conditions. Which statement best explains why this neuron is not especially active in condition 2?

The _______ is responsible for our ability to track visual objects as the head moves.

The wrist joint has _______ plane(s) of movement.

Discuss the contributions of noncortical motor control systems to the organization and execution of movements.

After undergoing genetic screening, a person discovers he has 45 CAG trinucleotide repeats. This person will mostly likely develop

The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motoneuron axon is called its _______.

Behavioral Neuroscience Scope and Outlook

Functional Neuroanatomy: The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

Neurophysiology: The Generation, Transmission, and Integration of Neural Signals

The Chemistry of Behavior: Neurotransmitters and Neuropharmacology

Hormones and the Brain

Evolution of the Brain and Behavior

Life-Span Development of the Brain and Behavior

General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch, and Pain

Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell

Vision: From Eye to Brain

Sex: Evolutionary, Hormonal, and Neural Bases

Homeostasis: Active Regulation of the Internal Environment

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreaming

Emotions, Aggression, and Stress

Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Learning and Memory

Attention and Higher Cognition

Language and Lateralization

Filters