Question 1

With more and more avoidance trials in which the response terminates the warning signal,

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction of fear should take place, presenting a problem for two-factor theory when extinction of avoidance does not occur. 
B)  fear is increased with more conditioning trials, making the response very resistant to extinction. 
C)  both fear of the warning stimulus and the avoidance response will be maintained. 
D)  SSDRs will eventually interfere with avoidance learning. 
A)  extinction of fear should take place, presenting a problem for two-factor theory when extinction of avoidance does not occur. 
B)  fear is increased with more conditioning trials, making the response very resistant to extinction. 
C)  both fear of the warning stimulus and the avoidance response will be maintained. 
D)  SSDRs will eventually interfere with avoidance learning. A

Question 2

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically do not even try to escape, even when they have the opportunity to do so. This failure to initiate a response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive 
B)  emotional 
C)  motivational 
D)  memory 
A)  cognitive 
B)  emotional 
C)  motivational 
D)  memory C

Question 3

The Sidman avoidance procedure was developed to test the two-factor theory's emphasis on the

Accepted Answer

A)  role of the strength of the fear responses in motivating instrumental learning. 
B)  role of the warning signal's termination as an index of reinforcer strength. 
C)  requirement that Pavlovian conditioning precede the instrumental conditioning of the avoidance response. 
D)  necessity of using strong, surprising aversive stimuli versus weak to moderately aversive, commonly occurring stimuli. 
A)  role of the strength of the fear responses in motivating instrumental learning. 
B)  role of the warning signal's termination as an index of reinforcer strength. 
C)  requirement that Pavlovian conditioning precede the instrumental conditioning of the avoidance response. 
D)  necessity of using strong, surprising aversive stimuli versus weak to moderately aversive, commonly occurring stimuli. B

Question 4

Compare and contrast an SSDR with an instrumental avoidance response. How does an SSDR affect instrumental avoidance learning?

Accepted Answer

An SSDR is a Pavlovian response elicited

Question 5

In S-(R-O) learning situations,

Accepted Answer

A)  S is an occasion setter rather than just serving as a CS. 
B)  R is the occasion setter enabling the subject to determine when to respond. 
C)  S and R are directly linked to O and also serve as CSs. 
D)  S will not control R-O if it is also associated with O2, a different outcome. 
A)  S is an occasion setter rather than just serving as a CS. 
B)  R is the occasion setter enabling the subject to determine when to respond. 
C)  S and R are directly linked to O and also serve as CSs. 
D)  S will not control R-O if it is also associated with O2, a different outcome.

Question 6

Explain the difficulties that avoidance learning, as an operant process, presented for learning theorists.

Accepted Answer

The response removes a stimulus rather t

Question 7

The thigmotaxis response in rats causes them to naturally

Accepted Answer

A)  burrow into the dirt to hide. 
B)  freeze and attempt to blend into the surrounding environment. 
C)  emit a pungent odor. 
D)  run to a wall or other object on the perimeter of their environment. 
A)  burrow into the dirt to hide. 
B)  freeze and attempt to blend into the surrounding environment. 
C)  emit a pungent odor. 
D)  run to a wall or other object on the perimeter of their environment.

Question 8

Miller's acquired drive experiment demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  aversive stimuli produce more motivation than appetitive stimuli do. 
B)  learned motivational stimuli extinguish more rapidly than innate or natural motivational stimuli. 
C)  conditioned fear can be serve as an acquired drive 
D)  a conditioned stimulus for an aversive event can be as effective a reinforcer as the actual aversive event. 
A)  aversive stimuli produce more motivation than appetitive stimuli do. 
B)  learned motivational stimuli extinguish more rapidly than innate or natural motivational stimuli. 
C)  conditioned fear can be serve as an acquired drive 
D)  a conditioned stimulus for an aversive event can be as effective a reinforcer as the actual aversive event.

Question 9

Is superstitious-like behavior in animals the result of operant conditioning? Justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

No, superstitious-like behavior in anima

Question 10

Which scenario illustrates a response-prevention procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  An overly aggressive hockey player is sent to the penalty box and not allowed to return to the ice for 15 minutes. 
B)  A socially anxious student is not allowed to clutch a "lucky charm" while making a class presentation. 
C)  A football player who has suffered a serious concussion is not allowed to play for six weeks. 
D)  A puppy bites a little boy who is playing with it too roughly. 
A)  An overly aggressive hockey player is sent to the penalty box and not allowed to return to the ice for 15 minutes. 
B)  A socially anxious student is not allowed to clutch a "lucky charm" while making a class presentation. 
C)  A football player who has suffered a serious concussion is not allowed to play for six weeks. 
D)  A puppy bites a little boy who is playing with it too roughly.

Question 11

When you need help with your computer software, which is often, you always call Mike, and receive reasonably good help. One day, you call Mike and follow his instructions to the letter, only to find that you've reformatted your hard drive and lost all your data. When Susan asks you whom she should call for help with her computer you say, "Anyone but Mike." Yet you find yourself dialing his extension the next time your computer crashes. This paradox is explained by a combination of

Accepted Answer

A)  S-O and S-R learning. 
B)  habit and instinct. 
C)  outcome devaluation and instinctive drift. 
D)  occasion setting and instrumental conditioning. 
A)  S-O and S-R learning. 
B)  habit and instinct. 
C)  outcome devaluation and instinctive drift. 
D)  occasion setting and instrumental conditioning.

Question 12

Research has demonstrated that animals that have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive stimulus in the first training phase of a study

Accepted Answer

A)  are unaffected in the second phase by an attention-grabbing stimulus presented when a response is made and the aversive stimulus is terminated. 
B)  are less likely to experience extinction of escape responding after they have learned the escape response. 
C)  can relearn that behavior and outcome are unrelated very rapidly, even after they have learned an escape response. 
D)  experience less stress and negative health consequences in later phases, when their expectations have come to match their experiences. 
A)  are unaffected in the second phase by an attention-grabbing stimulus presented when a response is made and the aversive stimulus is terminated. 
B)  are less likely to experience extinction of escape responding after they have learned the escape response. 
C)  can relearn that behavior and outcome are unrelated very rapidly, even after they have learned an escape response. 
D)  experience less stress and negative health consequences in later phases, when their expectations have come to match their experiences.

Question 13

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically show a "retardation of acquisition effect" in learning an escape response. This difficulty in learning the escape response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive 
B)  emotional 
C)  motivational 
D)  memory 
A)  cognitive 
B)  emotional 
C)  motivational 
D)  memory

Question 14

Mower's two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning take place simultaneously; a species-specific defense reaction results when the Pavlovian contingency is learned first, and a more arbitrary, researcher-selected response results when the instrumental contingency is learned first. 
B)  subjects must first experience the outcome and determine its aversive value before the removal of the aversive outcome will support the learning of an instrumental response. 
C)  subjects first learn an instrumental response that prevents the aversive SD and then learn a Pavlovian contingency that serves to produce the motivation for long-term avoidance responding. 
D)  subjects first learn a Pavlovian association between a signal and the stimulus to be avoided, which then provides a mechanism for reinforcing the instrumental avoidance response. 
A)  Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning take place simultaneously; a species-specific defense reaction results when the Pavlovian contingency is learned first, and a more arbitrary, researcher-selected response results when the instrumental contingency is learned first. 
B)  subjects must first experience the outcome and determine its aversive value before the removal of the aversive outcome will support the learning of an instrumental response. 
C)  subjects first learn an instrumental response that prevents the aversive SD and then learn a Pavlovian contingency that serves to produce the motivation for long-term avoidance responding. 
D)  subjects first learn a Pavlovian association between a signal and the stimulus to be avoided, which then provides a mechanism for reinforcing the instrumental avoidance response.

Question 15

Sidman avoidance

Accepted Answer

A)  presents a challenge to two-factor theory, but only when time cues are not considered. 
B)  is strong evidence for two-factor theory regardless of whether or not time cues are considered. 
C)  can be expected to work only when time cues are considered. 
D)  only works when the avoidance response starts as an escape response, but is nevertheless consistent with two-factor theory. 
A)  presents a challenge to two-factor theory, but only when time cues are not considered. 
B)  is strong evidence for two-factor theory regardless of whether or not time cues are considered. 
C)  can be expected to work only when time cues are considered. 
D)  only works when the avoidance response starts as an escape response, but is nevertheless consistent with two-factor theory.

Question 16

An adjunctive behavior is a response that is

Accepted Answer

A)  likely to occur when reinforcers are delivered at regular intervals. 
B)  instinctive, competes with the instrumental response, and is elicited by the instrumental outcome. 
C)  elicited by exposure to aversive stimulation and promotes healing. 
D)  occurs when expected outcomes are devalued or withdrawn. 
A)  likely to occur when reinforcers are delivered at regular intervals. 
B)  instinctive, competes with the instrumental response, and is elicited by the instrumental outcome. 
C)  elicited by exposure to aversive stimulation and promotes healing. 
D)  occurs when expected outcomes are devalued or withdrawn.

Question 17

Describe the procedure of Sidman avoidance, explain how this procedure tests the assumptions of the two-factor theory, and evaluate whether it presents a challenge for two-factor theory.

Accepted Answer

Sidman avoidance learning involves prese

Question 18

At their high-school prom, Travis asks four girls to dance with him using the same simple question, "Will you dance with me?" They all say no, and Travis ends up spending the rest of the evening near the punch bowl. Posing several variously worded questions, Eric asks three girls to dance with him, and they all say no as well. He is successful with his fourth request and he his success continues with different girls throughout the evening. How might Eric and Travis' learning mechanisms differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Travis learns R-O associations more quickly than Eric does. 
B)  Eric learns R-O associations more quickly than Travis does. 
C)  Travis learns R-O associations more quickly than Eric learns S-O associations. 
D)  Eric learns S-O associations more slowly than Travis does. 
A)  Travis learns R-O associations more quickly than Eric does. 
B)  Eric learns R-O associations more quickly than Travis does. 
C)  Travis learns R-O associations more quickly than Eric learns S-O associations. 
D)  Eric learns S-O associations more slowly than Travis does.

Question 19

The two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Accepted Answer

A)  the subject learns an instrumental contingency, which then regulates the learning of the Pavlovian contingency. 
B)  the subject learns a Pavlovian contingency, which then regulates the learning of the instrumental contingency. 
C)  the subject must first learn to escape the aversive outcome before it can learn to avoid that outcome. 
D)  an innate fear response must first be triggered by a releasing stimulus, and then the avoidance response can be paired with its removal. 
A)  the subject learns an instrumental contingency, which then regulates the learning of the Pavlovian contingency. 
B)  the subject learns a Pavlovian contingency, which then regulates the learning of the instrumental contingency. 
C)  the subject must first learn to escape the aversive outcome before it can learn to avoid that outcome. 
D)  an innate fear response must first be triggered by a releasing stimulus, and then the avoidance response can be paired with its removal.

Question 20

Researchers who are trying to teach a raccoon to drop coins into a bank to receive reinforcement eventually pair the coins with food. From that moment on, the raccoon begins to persistently rub the coins together when it encounters them, even when that behavior is not reinforced. This "misbehavior" is most likely an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an adjunctive behavior. 
B)  negative automaintenance. 
C)  intrusion of a natural defensive behavior. 
D)  the action of cessation cues. 
A)  an adjunctive behavior. 
B)  negative automaintenance. 
C)  intrusion of a natural defensive behavior. 
D)  the action of cessation cues.

With more and more avoidance trials in which the response terminates the warning signal,

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically do not even try to escape, even when they have the opportunity to do so. This failure to initiate a response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

The Sidman avoidance procedure was developed to test the two-factor theory's emphasis on the

Compare and contrast an SSDR with an instrumental avoidance response. How does an SSDR affect instrumental avoidance learning?

In S-(R-O) learning situations,

Explain the difficulties that avoidance learning, as an operant process, presented for learning theorists.

The thigmotaxis response in rats causes them to naturally

Miller's acquired drive experiment demonstrated that

Is superstitious-like behavior in animals the result of operant conditioning? Justify your answer.

Which scenario illustrates a response-prevention procedure?

Research has demonstrated that animals that have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive stimulus in the first training phase of a study

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically show a "retardation of acquisition effect" in learning an escape response. This difficulty in learning the escape response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

Mower's two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Sidman avoidance

An adjunctive behavior is a response that is

Describe the procedure of Sidman avoidance, explain how this procedure tests the assumptions of the two-factor theory, and evaluate whether it presents a challenge for two-factor theory.

The two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

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Exam 10: A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

With more and more avoidance trials in which the response terminates the warning signal,

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically do not even try to escape, even when they have the opportunity to do so. This failure to initiate a response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

The Sidman avoidance procedure was developed to test the two-factor theory's emphasis on the

Compare and contrast an SSDR with an instrumental avoidance response. How does an SSDR affect instrumental avoidance learning?

In S-(R-O) learning situations,

Explain the difficulties that avoidance learning, as an operant process, presented for learning theorists.

The thigmotaxis response in rats causes them to naturally

Miller's acquired drive experiment demonstrated that

Is superstitious-like behavior in animals the result of operant conditioning? Justify your answer.

Which scenario illustrates a response-prevention procedure?

Research has demonstrated that animals that have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive stimulus in the first training phase of a study

In a learned helplessness study, subjects typically show a "retardation of acquisition effect" in learning an escape response. This difficulty in learning the escape response is thought to be due to _______ deficits.

Mower's two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Sidman avoidance

An adjunctive behavior is a response that is

Describe the procedure of Sidman avoidance, explain how this procedure tests the assumptions of the two-factor theory, and evaluate whether it presents a challenge for two-factor theory.

The two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Filters