Question 1

Describe the peak procedure and discuss what it is used for.

Accepted Answer

In the peak procedure a stimulus is presented to indicate that the first response after some fixed interval will be reinforced. Test trials are conducted in which the stimulus is presented but not reinforced. Typically, responding increases up to the time the reinforcement is expected, and then it decreases. The procedure is used to study interval timing and temporal generalization.

Question 2

Which scenario illustrates perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  A person who grows up in the country playing on the ground can readily learn to discriminate between fertile and poor soil later in life. 
B)  A child whose parents played only classical music in the home grows up to prefer classical music to any other kind of music. 
C)  A child with a significant hearing loss is helped by his speech therapist to articulate the differences in sound between the letters p and 
D)  A couple finds that working with a professional relationship counselor helps them better understand each other's perspectives and avoid arguments. 
A)  A person who grows up in the country playing on the ground can readily learn to discriminate between fertile and poor soil later in life. 
B)  A child whose parents played only classical music in the home grows up to prefer classical music to any other kind of music. 
C)  A child with a significant hearing loss is helped by his speech therapist to articulate the differences in sound between the letters p and 
D)  A couple finds that working with a professional relationship counselor helps them better understand each other's perspectives and avoid arguments. A

Question 3

Over time, the features of an organism that indicate that it might be a tasty meal for a predator

Accepted Answer

A)  are adaptive for the organism in an evolutionary sense. 
B)  become powerful SΔ's. 
C)  change over time, becoming more cryptic via predation and natural selection. 
D)  change over time, becoming less cryptic via predation and natural selection. 
A)  are adaptive for the organism in an evolutionary sense. 
B)  become powerful SΔ's. 
C)  change over time, becoming more cryptic via predation and natural selection. 
D)  change over time, becoming less cryptic via predation and natural selection. C

Question 4

The capacity of animals to use an internal sense of direction and distance to move intentionally and efficiently from one location to another is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  dead reckoning. 
B)  beaconing. 
C)  landmarking. 
D)  scaling. 
A)  dead reckoning. 
B)  beaconing. 
C)  landmarking. 
D)  scaling.

Question 5

Research on concept learning in pigeons has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  exceptional long-term memory is required for pigeons to learn categories. 
B)  pigeons process visual information in meaningful chunks, which they later categorize. 
C)  stimulus control is a powerful method for investigating more than just simple choice. 
D)  category learning does not appear to be able to be blocked. 
A)  exceptional long-term memory is required for pigeons to learn categories. 
B)  pigeons process visual information in meaningful chunks, which they later categorize. 
C)  stimulus control is a powerful method for investigating more than just simple choice. 
D)  category learning does not appear to be able to be blocked.

Question 6

"Polymorphism" refers to the finding that members of

Accepted Answer

A)  the same species use a variety of search and hunting strategies. 
B)  the same species develop physical differences, in part due to predation risk. 
C)  different species that look similar are treated similarly by predators. 
D)  different species learn to act similarly to increase mating options or reduce predation risks. 
A)  the same species use a variety of search and hunting strategies. 
B)  the same species develop physical differences, in part due to predation risk. 
C)  different species that look similar are treated similarly by predators. 
D)  different species learn to act similarly to increase mating options or reduce predation risks.

Question 7

Research on rats solving the radial maze problem has found that

Accepted Answer

A)  the rats use odor trail strength on the radial arm as a cue for selecting or not selecting the arm. 
B)  rats use a response strategy of always turning left or always turning right when they exit an arm to systematically visit the arms without repeating a choice. 
C)  changing arm location by transposing the arms of a radial maze is more disruptive than merely rotating the radial arms. 
D)  when the hippocampus is surgically damaged, working memory and reference memory deficits occur, with the damage to reference memory producing larger performance deficits than the damage to working memory. 
A)  the rats use odor trail strength on the radial arm as a cue for selecting or not selecting the arm. 
B)  rats use a response strategy of always turning left or always turning right when they exit an arm to systematically visit the arms without repeating a choice. 
C)  changing arm location by transposing the arms of a radial maze is more disruptive than merely rotating the radial arms. 
D)  when the hippocampus is surgically damaged, working memory and reference memory deficits occur, with the damage to reference memory producing larger performance deficits than the damage to working memory.

Question 8

Reduced conditioning due to latent inhibition is

Accepted Answer

A)  a threat to observing perceptual learning. 
B)  not a threat to observing perceptual learning because the difference between the responses to two stimuli is being studied, not the absolute levels of conditioning. 
C)  ultimately unrelated to perceptual learning. 
D)  what develops between the unique elements of different stimuli, accounting for aspects of perceptual learning. 
A)  a threat to observing perceptual learning. 
B)  not a threat to observing perceptual learning because the difference between the responses to two stimuli is being studied, not the absolute levels of conditioning. 
C)  ultimately unrelated to perceptual learning. 
D)  what develops between the unique elements of different stimuli, accounting for aspects of perceptual learning.

Question 9

Researchers can teach pigeons concepts by

Accepted Answer

A)  first classically conditioning examples of the concept, and then instrumentally conditioning differential pecking. 
B)  first conditioning each concept separately, and then gradually increasing the number of multiple concepts to be differentiated. 
C)  fading-in wrong examples and lengthening the stimulus viewing time as the number of simultaneously occurring stimuli increase. 
D)  presenting correct and incorrect examples and providing a reward only when the subject responds to the correct example. 
A)  first classically conditioning examples of the concept, and then instrumentally conditioning differential pecking. 
B)  first conditioning each concept separately, and then gradually increasing the number of multiple concepts to be differentiated. 
C)  fading-in wrong examples and lengthening the stimulus viewing time as the number of simultaneously occurring stimuli increase. 
D)  presenting correct and incorrect examples and providing a reward only when the subject responds to the correct example.

Question 10

An animal's ability to respond to a novel example of a polymorphous concept

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrates exceptional memory capacity. 
B)  can be demonstrated only with a stimulus that might be naturally encountered. 
C)  is demonstrated by some corvids (jays and crows). 
D)  has to be demonstrated before one can infer that a concept has been acquired. 
A)  demonstrates exceptional memory capacity. 
B)  can be demonstrated only with a stimulus that might be naturally encountered. 
C)  is demonstrated by some corvids (jays and crows). 
D)  has to be demonstrated before one can infer that a concept has been acquired.

Question 11

Which term does not belong with the others?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microchoices 
B)  Locale system 
C)  Cognitive maps 
D)  Spatial learning 
A)  Microchoices 
B)  Locale system 
C)  Cognitive maps 
D)  Spatial learning

Question 12

Trips to grandma's house always take 90 minutes. At the start of the trip, children ask in a complaining tone, "How long 'til we are there?" Near the end of the trip they ask "Are we there yet?" According to research using bisection tasks,

Accepted Answer

A)  at about 45 minutes into the trip the children are just as likely to ask either question. 
B)  if the parent turns on the radio at the halfway mark, the children will continue asking the first question. 
C)  the children use the number of times they ask the question to keep track of time. 
D)  the children use the type of question they are asking to keep track of time. 
A)  at about 45 minutes into the trip the children are just as likely to ask either question. 
B)  if the parent turns on the radio at the halfway mark, the children will continue asking the first question. 
C)  the children use the number of times they ask the question to keep track of time. 
D)  the children use the type of question they are asking to keep track of time.

Question 13

Explain what is meant by a polymorphous category, and describe the ability of pigeons to learn this type of category.

Accepted Answer

A polymorphous category is a category in

Question 14

Stimulus control has been demonstrated to

Accepted Answer

A)  be one of the less common forms of learning in nature. 
B)  be confined mainly to visual stimuli. 
C)  require mammalian memory processes. 
D)  produce changes in prey as well as predators. 
A)  be one of the less common forms of learning in nature. 
B)  be confined mainly to visual stimuli. 
C)  require mammalian memory processes. 
D)  produce changes in prey as well as predators.

Question 15

A rat remembers to lift a lever to obtain food, just as it has been trained. This behavior is a function of _______ memory.

Accepted Answer

A)  semantic 
B)  declarative 
C)  episodic 
D)  procedural 
A)  semantic 
B)  declarative 
C)  episodic 
D)  procedural

Question 16

Eric is at his first high-school dance. He asks Sydney, who was wearing pale yellow, to dance with him, but she says no. Next he asks Olga, who also is wearing yellow, to dance, but she politely refuses. Undeterred, he then approaches Susan, who is wearing brown, and she accepts. Later in the evening, Eric feels like dancing again. He sees two women standing by themselves, one who is wearing brown and one who is wearing black. Which woman is he likely to ask to dance? Justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

Eric will choose the woman wearing black

Question 17

During testing, a monkey is uncertain of the correct answer and chooses not to participate in this test of its knowledge at which it might fail. The monkey is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus control. 
B)  metacognition. 
C)  time perception. 
D)  matching to sample. 
A)  stimulus control. 
B)  metacognition. 
C)  time perception. 
D)  matching to sample.

Question 18

After not seeing a light that signaled food for a month, a rat now shows substantial fear to the light. What might have happened?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rat forgot the light‒food association. 
B)  Prospective coding made the rat anticipate that something new was going to occur. 
C)  Another stimulus such as a tone was paired with a shock, and the rat showed peak shift. 
D)  Another stimulus that also predicted food became a predictor of something fearful during the interval, and acquired equivalence led the rat to also fear the light. 
A)  The rat forgot the light‒food association. 
B)  Prospective coding made the rat anticipate that something new was going to occur. 
C)  Another stimulus such as a tone was paired with a shock, and the rat showed peak shift. 
D)  Another stimulus that also predicted food became a predictor of something fearful during the interval, and acquired equivalence led the rat to also fear the light.

Question 19

Blocking research on spatial learning has shown that

Accepted Answer

A)  beacons do not readily block landmarks. 
B)  beacons readily block geometric cues. 
C)  geometric cues are not readily blocked by beacons or landmarks. 
D)  beacons, landmarks, and geometric cues are equally effective in blocking stimuli. 
A)  beacons do not readily block landmarks. 
B)  beacons readily block geometric cues. 
C)  geometric cues are not readily blocked by beacons or landmarks. 
D)  beacons, landmarks, and geometric cues are equally effective in blocking stimuli.

Question 20

Which statement is not a reason for researchers' interest in the peak shift phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces paradoxically high responding to a stimulus that has never been directly reinforced. 
B)  It illustrates the role of inhibition in discrimination learning. 
C)  It may affect the evolution of physical differences among members of a species. 
D)  It provides an explanation for aspects of polymorphous concept learning. 
A)  It produces paradoxically high responding to a stimulus that has never been directly reinforced. 
B)  It illustrates the role of inhibition in discrimination learning. 
C)  It may affect the evolution of physical differences among members of a species. 
D)  It provides an explanation for aspects of polymorphous concept learning.

Describe the peak procedure and discuss what it is used for.

Which scenario illustrates perceptual learning?

Over time, the features of an organism that indicate that it might be a tasty meal for a predator

The capacity of animals to use an internal sense of direction and distance to move intentionally and efficiently from one location to another is referred to as

Research on concept learning in pigeons has shown that

"Polymorphism" refers to the finding that members of

Research on rats solving the radial maze problem has found that

Reduced conditioning due to latent inhibition is

Researchers can teach pigeons concepts by

An animal's ability to respond to a novel example of a polymorphous concept

Which term does not belong with the others?

Trips to grandma's house always take 90 minutes. At the start of the trip, children ask in a complaining tone, "How long 'til we are there?" Near the end of the trip they ask "Are we there yet?" According to research using bisection tasks,

Explain what is meant by a polymorphous category, and describe the ability of pigeons to learn this type of category.

Stimulus control has been demonstrated to

A rat remembers to lift a lever to obtain food, just as it has been trained. This behavior is a function of _______ memory.

During testing, a monkey is uncertain of the correct answer and chooses not to participate in this test of its knowledge at which it might fail. The monkey is demonstrating

After not seeing a light that signaled food for a month, a rat now shows substantial fear to the light. What might have happened?

Blocking research on spatial learning has shown that

Which statement is not a reason for researchers' interest in the peak shift phenomenon?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 8: How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

Describe the peak procedure and discuss what it is used for.

Which scenario illustrates perceptual learning?

Over time, the features of an organism that indicate that it might be a tasty meal for a predator

The capacity of animals to use an internal sense of direction and distance to move intentionally and efficiently from one location to another is referred to as

Research on concept learning in pigeons has shown that

"Polymorphism" refers to the finding that members of

Research on rats solving the radial maze problem has found that

Reduced conditioning due to latent inhibition is

Researchers can teach pigeons concepts by

An animal's ability to respond to a novel example of a polymorphous concept

Which term does not belong with the others?

Trips to grandma's house always take 90 minutes. At the start of the trip, children ask in a complaining tone, "How long 'til we are there?" Near the end of the trip they ask "Are we there yet?" According to research using bisection tasks,

Explain what is meant by a polymorphous category, and describe the ability of pigeons to learn this type of category.

Stimulus control has been demonstrated to

A rat remembers to lift a lever to obtain food, just as it has been trained. This behavior is a function of _______ memory.

During testing, a monkey is uncertain of the correct answer and chooses not to participate in this test of its knowledge at which it might fail. The monkey is demonstrating

After not seeing a light that signaled food for a month, a rat now shows substantial fear to the light. What might have happened?

Blocking research on spatial learning has shown that

Which statement is not a reason for researchers' interest in the peak shift phenomenon?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters