Question 1

Which behavior is based on an acquired motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jessica likes to order popcorn with hot butter topping whenever she goes to the movies. 
B)  Ruben goes to the gym because it has a treadmill that helps him control his weight. 
C)  Randy arranges his class schedule so he can take a brief nap after lunch. 
D)  Amanda takes the bus rather than walking to school on rainy days. 
A)  Jessica likes to order popcorn with hot butter topping whenever she goes to the movies. 
B)  Ruben goes to the gym because it has a treadmill that helps him control his weight. 
C)  Randy arranges his class schedule so he can take a brief nap after lunch. 
D)  Amanda takes the bus rather than walking to school on rainy days. B

Question 2

Learning theorists assume that behavior is inherently goal-oriented because behavior is

Accepted Answer

A)  variable and persistent. 
B)  overt and repetitive. 
C)  organized and complex. 
D)  inherited and learned. 
A)  variable and persistent. 
B)  overt and repetitive. 
C)  organized and complex. 
D)  inherited and learned. A

Question 3

According to Hull, _______ is influenced by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Drive; the number of responses 
B)  Habit; the number of reinforcers 
C)  Habit; the level of deprivation 
D)  Habit; the level of deprivation and the number of reinforcers 
A)  Drive; the number of responses 
B)  Habit; the number of reinforcers 
C)  Habit; the level of deprivation 
D)  Habit; the level of deprivation and the number of reinforcers B

Question 4

In the experiment whose results are shown below, animals received rewards for running in a runway. In three-trial sequences they received a small reward, no reward, and a big reward (rNR), or they received the same trials with the two rewards switched (RNr). As shown in the figure, the rNR condition showed a greater PREE effect (was more resistant to extinction). This result supports sequential theory because in the rNR condition a big reward is associated with a preceding N trial, whereas a small reward is associated with the preceding N trial in the RNr condition. Evaluate whether this result can be explained by the frustration hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

N on rNR trials should be less frustrati

Question 5

Hull's equation D × H × K is best characterized as a

Accepted Answer

A)  learning rule. 
B)  rule that describes how motivation changes. 
C)  rule to determine performance. 
D)  rule to determine incentive. 
A)  learning rule. 
B)  rule that describes how motivation changes. 
C)  rule to determine performance. 
D)  rule to determine incentive.

Question 6

According to Hull's formulation of factors affecting performance,

Accepted Answer

A)  if Drive or Habit were zero, then no behavior would occur. 
B)  as long as there is some amount of Drive, learning occurs. 
C)  Drive interferes with learning because it commands attention. 
D)  Habit is the cognitive expectation and value of the instrumental consequence. 
A)  if Drive or Habit were zero, then no behavior would occur. 
B)  as long as there is some amount of Drive, learning occurs. 
C)  Drive interferes with learning because it commands attention. 
D)  Habit is the cognitive expectation and value of the instrumental consequence.

Question 7

The partial reinforcement extinction effect

Accepted Answer

A)  is more likely to occur in classical conditioning procedures than in instrumental conditioning procedures. 
B)  is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during acquisition. 
C)  is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during extinction. 
D)  is more likely to occur when subjects have experience with multiple alternating acquisition and extinction sessions. 
A)  is more likely to occur in classical conditioning procedures than in instrumental conditioning procedures. 
B)  is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during acquisition. 
C)  is observed when partially reinforced subjects outperform subjects continuously rewarded during extinction. 
D)  is more likely to occur when subjects have experience with multiple alternating acquisition and extinction sessions.

Question 8

Acquired motivation refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  learning to expect reinforcement. 
B)  learning to distinguish nutritious items from those that are not. 
C)  learning to switch from a state of merely reacting to needs to a state of anticipating them. 
D)  learning to replace a specific motive with a more general set of motives. 
A)  learning to expect reinforcement. 
B)  learning to distinguish nutritious items from those that are not. 
C)  learning to switch from a state of merely reacting to needs to a state of anticipating them. 
D)  learning to replace a specific motive with a more general set of motives.

Question 9

A motivational perspective assumes that behavior will persist when

Accepted Answer

A)  the contingency is well practiced. 
B)  the behavior is easily remembered. 
C)  the occasion setters are salient. 
D)  the outcome is highly desirable. 
A)  the contingency is well practiced. 
B)  the behavior is easily remembered. 
C)  the occasion setters are salient. 
D)  the outcome is highly desirable.

Question 10

A "revolution" occurred in animal learning in the late 1960s as researchers began to emphasize _______ factors in the regulation of animal learning phenomena.

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional 
B)  motivational 
C)  cognitive 
D)  classically conditioned 
A)  emotional 
B)  motivational 
C)  cognitive 
D)  classically conditioned

Question 11

Rewards are most likely to have a negative effect on performance if subjects receive

Accepted Answer

A)  intangible extrinsic rewards (e.g., praise) for intrinsic performance. 
B)  tangible intrinsic rewards (e.g., self-esteem) for extrinsic performance. 
C)  tangible rewards that are expected but unrelated to performance. 
D)  unexpected tangible rewards that are related to performance. 
A)  intangible extrinsic rewards (e.g., praise) for intrinsic performance. 
B)  tangible intrinsic rewards (e.g., self-esteem) for extrinsic performance. 
C)  tangible rewards that are expected but unrelated to performance. 
D)  unexpected tangible rewards that are related to performance.

Question 12

According to Hull, _______ is influenced by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Drive; the number of responses 
B)  Habit; the level of deprivation 
C)  Drive; the level of deprivation 
D)  Habit; the number of reinforcers and the level of deprivation 
A)  Drive; the number of responses 
B)  Habit; the level of deprivation 
C)  Drive; the level of deprivation 
D)  Habit; the number of reinforcers and the level of deprivation

Question 13

Sydney announces to her class that bonus points will be available for written thought papers on a topic. She expects performance on tests to increase. Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  She is wrong; the reward is not tangible and will not affect performance. 
B)  She is wrong; the reward is expected or has been announced ahead of time and is unrelated to the quality of the thought paper-both factors known to make reward detrimental to performance. 
C)  She is correct, because the reward is not contingent on the quality of the performance. 
D)  She is correct; rewards all have different strengths, but they all increase performance. 
A)  She is wrong; the reward is not tangible and will not affect performance. 
B)  She is wrong; the reward is expected or has been announced ahead of time and is unrelated to the quality of the thought paper-both factors known to make reward detrimental to performance. 
C)  She is correct, because the reward is not contingent on the quality of the performance. 
D)  She is correct; rewards all have different strengths, but they all increase performance.

Question 14

Over time, a nurse comes to enjoy the ordinarily nerve-wracking task of taking blood from patients. This enjoyment would be predicted by

Accepted Answer

A)  frustration theory. 
B)  sequential theory. 
C)  opponent process theory. 
D)  incentive motivation. 
A)  frustration theory. 
B)  sequential theory. 
C)  opponent process theory. 
D)  incentive motivation.

Question 15

The concept of homeostasis refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  an unchanging level of motivation despite changes in deprivation level. 
B)  a variable level of motivation despite stability of deprivation level. 
C)  an abnormal and excessive level of arousal despite typical levels of deprivation. 
D)  a stable internal state maintained by engaging in different behaviors over time. 
A)  an unchanging level of motivation despite changes in deprivation level. 
B)  a variable level of motivation despite stability of deprivation level. 
C)  an abnormal and excessive level of arousal despite typical levels of deprivation. 
D)  a stable internal state maintained by engaging in different behaviors over time.

Question 16

If frustration is a function of the difference between expected reward and what was obtained,

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction will be faster after training with big rewards. 
B)  extinction will be slower after training with big rewards. 
C)  extinction will be faster after partial reinforcement. 
D)  extinction will be fastest after consistent training with small rewards. 
A)  extinction will be faster after training with big rewards. 
B)  extinction will be slower after training with big rewards. 
C)  extinction will be faster after partial reinforcement. 
D)  extinction will be fastest after consistent training with small rewards.

Question 17

Concurrent measurement studies have tended to find that classically conditioned responses

Accepted Answer

A)  predict changes in instrumental response strength. 
B)  come to be associated with reward and nonreward, motivating behavior. 
C)  poorly predict the strength of instrumental behavior. 
D)  predict changes in instrumental response strength when the two responses are very different. 
A)  predict changes in instrumental response strength. 
B)  come to be associated with reward and nonreward, motivating behavior. 
C)  poorly predict the strength of instrumental behavior. 
D)  predict changes in instrumental response strength when the two responses are very different.

Question 18

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer experiments show us that appetitive and aversive motivations are

Accepted Answer

A)  like excitation and inhibition, in that they exist along opposite ends of a continuum. 
B)  complementary motivational states. 
C)  formed by excitatory and inhibitory associations, respectively. 
D)  impossible to separate from the responses evoked by the CS itself. 
A)  like excitation and inhibition, in that they exist along opposite ends of a continuum. 
B)  complementary motivational states. 
C)  formed by excitatory and inhibitory associations, respectively. 
D)  impossible to separate from the responses evoked by the CS itself.

Question 19

Incentive contrast effects tell us that the value of an outcome is

Accepted Answer

A)  relative. 
B)  absolute. 
C)  resistant to change. 
D)  dependent on the species tested. 
A)  relative. 
B)  absolute. 
C)  resistant to change. 
D)  dependent on the species tested.

Question 20

Which statement about behavior is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Motivation is necessary for instrumental but not classical conditioning to occur. 
B)  Motivation is necessary for learning to take place but not for performance to occur. 
C)  Reinforcement contingencies and occasion setters cannot account for all the variability in behavior. 
D)  Motivation has drive reduction at its base. 
A)  Motivation is necessary for instrumental but not classical conditioning to occur. 
B)  Motivation is necessary for learning to take place but not for performance to occur. 
C)  Reinforcement contingencies and occasion setters cannot account for all the variability in behavior. 
D)  Motivation has drive reduction at its base.

Which behavior is based on an acquired motivation?

Learning theorists assume that behavior is inherently goal-oriented because behavior is

According to Hull, _ is influenced by _.

Hull's equation D × H × K is best characterized as a

According to Hull's formulation of factors affecting performance,

The partial reinforcement extinction effect

Acquired motivation refers to

A motivational perspective assumes that behavior will persist when

A "revolution" occurred in animal learning in the late 1960s as researchers began to emphasize _______ factors in the regulation of animal learning phenomena.

Rewards are most likely to have a negative effect on performance if subjects receive

According to Hull, _ is influenced by _.

Sydney announces to her class that bonus points will be available for written thought papers on a topic. She expects performance on tests to increase. Which statement is true?

Over time, a nurse comes to enjoy the ordinarily nerve-wracking task of taking blood from patients. This enjoyment would be predicted by

The concept of homeostasis refers to

If frustration is a function of the difference between expected reward and what was obtained,

Concurrent measurement studies have tended to find that classically conditioned responses

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer experiments show us that appetitive and aversive motivations are

Incentive contrast effects tell us that the value of an outcome is

Which statement about behavior is true?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 9: The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Which behavior is based on an acquired motivation?

Learning theorists assume that behavior is inherently goal-oriented because behavior is

According to Hull, _______ is influenced by _______.

Hull's equation D × H × K is best characterized as a

According to Hull's formulation of factors affecting performance,

The partial reinforcement extinction effect

Acquired motivation refers to

A motivational perspective assumes that behavior will persist when

A "revolution" occurred in animal learning in the late 1960s as researchers began to emphasize _______ factors in the regulation of animal learning phenomena.

Rewards are most likely to have a negative effect on performance if subjects receive

According to Hull, _______ is influenced by _______.

Sydney announces to her class that bonus points will be available for written thought papers on a topic. She expects performance on tests to increase. Which statement is true?

Over time, a nurse comes to enjoy the ordinarily nerve-wracking task of taking blood from patients. This enjoyment would be predicted by

The concept of homeostasis refers to

If frustration is a function of the difference between expected reward and what was obtained,

Concurrent measurement studies have tended to find that classically conditioned responses

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer experiments show us that appetitive and aversive motivations are

Incentive contrast effects tell us that the value of an outcome is

Which statement about behavior is true?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

According to Hull, _ is influenced by _.

According to Hull, _ is influenced by _.