Question 1

If two-factor theory is an accurate explanation of avoidance learning, then

Accepted Answer

A)  fear of a warning should be inversely correlated with avoidance responding. 
B)  the immediate termination of the aversive CS following a response will be more effective than delayed termination. 
C)  no CS should be as effective as training with an explicit CS. 
D)  termination of the warning signal should produce an escape response, as it is synchronous with the onset of the aversive stimulus. 
A)  fear of a warning should be inversely correlated with avoidance responding. 
B)  the immediate termination of the aversive CS following a response will be more effective than delayed termination. 
C)  no CS should be as effective as training with an explicit CS. 
D)  termination of the warning signal should produce an escape response, as it is synchronous with the onset of the aversive stimulus.

Question 2

What is meant by an analysis of behavior being "cognitive?"

Accepted Answer

The analysis involve

Question 3

You often call the computer center for help with your statistics studies. In the morning, dialing 111 will connect you to Dan in the basement, and dialing 444 will connect you to Dave on the second floor. Both are usually good at handling your statistics questions, and you tend to use them both equally. To be fair with regard to the quality of their office environments, Dan and Dave switch offices at mid-day. The last time you talked to Dan, you got very bad advice and failed an assignment. Tomorrow morning, you will dial 444 because of

Accepted Answer

A)  R-O associations. 
B)  S-(R-O) associations. 
C)  simple reinforcer devaluation. 
D)  both reinforcer devaluation and S-(R-O) associations. 
A)  R-O associations. 
B)  S-(R-O) associations. 
C)  simple reinforcer devaluation. 
D)  both reinforcer devaluation and S-(R-O) associations.

Question 4

Sam and Travis spar with each other in the kickboxing gym. Often, when Travis throws a jab, he is punished with a left hook from Sam. For the next several rounds, he keeps his distance from Sam, but eventually learns to close in and fight while avoiding throwing the jab. Which analysis below fits Travis' behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  His initial suppression of jab throwing was due to R-O associations, but ultimately he formed an S-O association. 
B)  His avoidance of Sam was due to R-O learning, and his learning to avoid throwing the jab was S-O. 
C)  His tendency to keep his distance from Sam, and then later to fight but avoid throwing the jab, suggests that S-O learning was easier or faster than R-O learning. 
D)  Fear produced analgesia so that the left-hook was less effective, as the perceptual-defense-recuperative model would predict. 
A)  His initial suppression of jab throwing was due to R-O associations, but ultimately he formed an S-O association. 
B)  His avoidance of Sam was due to R-O learning, and his learning to avoid throwing the jab was S-O. 
C)  His tendency to keep his distance from Sam, and then later to fight but avoid throwing the jab, suggests that S-O learning was easier or faster than R-O learning. 
D)  Fear produced analgesia so that the left-hook was less effective, as the perceptual-defense-recuperative model would predict.

Question 5

Which observation has had little influence in the argument by researchers that the laws regulating the formation of R-O learning are similar to those of S-O learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extinction, timing of the O, and size of the O affect R-O and S-O learning similarly. 
B)  Blocking, relative validity, and priming effects occur in both instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning. 
C)  Surprisingness of O and extent of O rehearsal influence both instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning. 
D)  Suppression of behavior by instrumental punishment is mostly due to SSDRs elicited by cues in the environment. 
A)  Extinction, timing of the O, and size of the O affect R-O and S-O learning similarly. 
B)  Blocking, relative validity, and priming effects occur in both instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning. 
C)  Surprisingness of O and extent of O rehearsal influence both instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning. 
D)  Suppression of behavior by instrumental punishment is mostly due to SSDRs elicited by cues in the environment.

Question 6

The misbehavior of organisms demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior is controlled by its consequences, particularly superstitious "misbehaviors." 
B)  behavior is as much elicited by its antecedents as controlled by its consequences. Thus misbehavior is the result of a trainer's poor understanding of behavior. 
C)  a trainer's concentration is critical in order to avoid causing superstition and misbehavior. 
D)  Pavlovian behavior is superseded by instrumental contingencies. 
A)  behavior is controlled by its consequences, particularly superstitious "misbehaviors." 
B)  behavior is as much elicited by its antecedents as controlled by its consequences. Thus misbehavior is the result of a trainer's poor understanding of behavior. 
C)  a trainer's concentration is critical in order to avoid causing superstition and misbehavior. 
D)  Pavlovian behavior is superseded by instrumental contingencies.

Question 7

An avoidance response that is learned after very few trials (e.g., 1‒4) is

Accepted Answer

A)  probably a Pavlovian response rather than an instrumental SSDR. 
B)  probably a Pavlovian conditioned SSDR rather than an instrumental response. 
C)  insensitive to extinction. 
D)  probably a very effective escape response as well. 
A)  probably a Pavlovian response rather than an instrumental SSDR. 
B)  probably a Pavlovian conditioned SSDR rather than an instrumental response. 
C)  insensitive to extinction. 
D)  probably a very effective escape response as well.

Question 8

Sam has learned that hard work in the kickboxing gym pays off, whereas Travis typically performs well with little effort. While sparring with Nelson in the gym, each suffers four consecutive knockdowns. How will this affect Sam and Travis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sam is likely to experience learned helplessness, while Travis is immune to it from his past experiences. 
B)  Travis is likely to experience learned helplessness, while Sam's past successes for his efforts have made him immune to it. 
C)  The experience of failing is new to both, so they are both likely to experience from learned helplessness. 
D)  Both are equally immunized against learned helplessness. 
A)  Sam is likely to experience learned helplessness, while Travis is immune to it from his past experiences. 
B)  Travis is likely to experience learned helplessness, while Sam's past successes for his efforts have made him immune to it. 
C)  The experience of failing is new to both, so they are both likely to experience from learned helplessness. 
D)  Both are equally immunized against learned helplessness.

Question 9

When animals have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive event in the first training phase of a study, the negative effect of this treatment is reduced the most when

Accepted Answer

A)  a backward CS is presented immediately after the aversive event is terminated. 
B)  a cessation CS is presented immediately before the aversive stimulus is terminated. 
C)  cessation and backward CS cues are presented with termination of the aversive stimulus. 
D)  backward CS cues are presented during exposure to the aversive stimulus. 
A)  a backward CS is presented immediately after the aversive event is terminated. 
B)  a cessation CS is presented immediately before the aversive stimulus is terminated. 
C)  cessation and backward CS cues are presented with termination of the aversive stimulus. 
D)  backward CS cues are presented during exposure to the aversive stimulus.

Question 10

If a subject learns only that "response = no shock," then the avoidance response should be

Accepted Answer

A)  unaffected by extinction training. 
B)  facilitated by punishment. 
C)  able to act as a negative occasion setter. 
D)  able to act as a positive occasion setter. 
A)  unaffected by extinction training. 
B)  facilitated by punishment. 
C)  able to act as a negative occasion setter. 
D)  able to act as a positive occasion setter.

Question 11

Suppose you reward your dog with a bone every time it brings you the newspaper. When instinctive drift kicks in, your dog will

Accepted Answer

A)  begin to wait in the kitchen without bringing the paper. 
B)  begin to bury the newspaper. 
C)  begin to carry the bone out to the driveway. 
D)  attack the paperboy. 
A)  begin to wait in the kitchen without bringing the paper. 
B)  begin to bury the newspaper. 
C)  begin to carry the bone out to the driveway. 
D)  attack the paperboy.

Question 12

You are pulled over by the police and receive an enormous fine for speeding on Prospect Street. Now you avoid driving on Prospect Street because

Accepted Answer

A)  the punishment strongly involves S-O learning. 
B)  you associate speeding with the ticket. 
C)  you are immunized against associating speeding with the ticket, and thus Prospect Street was conditioned. 
D)  the fine for speeding set the occasion for Prospect Street to be aversive. 
A)  the punishment strongly involves S-O learning. 
B)  you associate speeding with the ticket. 
C)  you are immunized against associating speeding with the ticket, and thus Prospect Street was conditioned. 
D)  the fine for speeding set the occasion for Prospect Street to be aversive.

Question 13

Which behavior in rats would be referred to as schedule-induced polydipsia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reducing lever pressing for food to take time to drink to reduce thirst 
B)  Suppression of drinking due to frustration produced by a lean schedule of reinforcement 
C)  Engaging in other of instrumental behaviors (e.g., paw-press, nose-press, bar-pulling, etc.) when food and water are presented as rewards unpredictably 
D)  Spending time in unnecessary drinking following a food reward when reinforcements are delivered at intermediate rates 
A)  Reducing lever pressing for food to take time to drink to reduce thirst 
B)  Suppression of drinking due to frustration produced by a lean schedule of reinforcement 
C)  Engaging in other of instrumental behaviors (e.g., paw-press, nose-press, bar-pulling, etc.) when food and water are presented as rewards unpredictably 
D)  Spending time in unnecessary drinking following a food reward when reinforcements are delivered at intermediate rates

Question 14

Travis is the victim of unpredictable bullying on the playground. In every case it continues until he sees the teacher coming, and then it promptly ends. What effect will the teacher have on his learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

A)  The aversive stimulus is still unpredictable, so the teacher will have no effect. 
B)  In future situations of bullying, he will be less likely to experience learned helplessness when the teacher is not around. 
C)  In future situations of bullying, he will be more likely to experience learned helplessness when the teacher is not around. 
D)  In future situations of bullying, his learned helplessness will be greater than if the teacher had never been present. 
A)  The aversive stimulus is still unpredictable, so the teacher will have no effect. 
B)  In future situations of bullying, he will be less likely to experience learned helplessness when the teacher is not around. 
C)  In future situations of bullying, he will be more likely to experience learned helplessness when the teacher is not around. 
D)  In future situations of bullying, his learned helplessness will be greater than if the teacher had never been present.

Question 15

Instrumental schedules are most likely to produce adjunctive behaviors when the schedule has a(n) _______ payoff rate.

Accepted Answer

A)  lean 
B)  rich 
C)  intermediate 
D)  indeterminate 
A)  lean 
B)  rich 
C)  intermediate 
D)  indeterminate

Question 16

At a conference, Sydney dials reception from her room to be connected to Eric whenever she wants to talk to him. Later, in Kelly's room, Kelly wants to talk to Travis, and Sydney dials reception for her to connect to Travis. While there, Sydney learns to dial Travis' and Eric's extensions directly. When she is back in her room, Sydney is going to use Eric's direct extension because

Accepted Answer

A)  R-O associations direct her to do so. 
B)  S-O associations guide her responses. 
C)  Travis has been revalued. 
D)  Eric has acquired a new incentive value for Sydney. 
A)  R-O associations direct her to do so. 
B)  S-O associations guide her responses. 
C)  Travis has been revalued. 
D)  Eric has acquired a new incentive value for Sydney.

Question 17

In the first phase of training, a rat placed in an operant chamber receives shocks regardless of what it does. In the second phase of training the rat is placed on a running wheel and can avoid receiving a shock by moving the wheel one complete revolution. To the extent that the rat has difficulty learning that response, we could argue that generalized _______ decreases the subject's ability to learn the response-outcome contingency.

Accepted Answer

A)  learned irrelevance 
B)  instrumental blocking 
C)  conditioned inhibition 
D)  response interference 
A)  learned irrelevance 
B)  instrumental blocking 
C)  conditioned inhibition 
D)  response interference

Question 18

Why should termination of the warning signal be more important in learning to shuttle than in one-way avoidance?

Accepted Answer

A)  One-way avoidance is signaled by the researcher removing the animal from the shuttle box. 
B)  Shuttling requires the animal to approach an area where it has been shocked. 
C)  Termination of the warning signal is necessary to prevent thigmotaxis from interfering. 
D)  Shuttling is a flight response. 
A)  One-way avoidance is signaled by the researcher removing the animal from the shuttle box. 
B)  Shuttling requires the animal to approach an area where it has been shocked. 
C)  Termination of the warning signal is necessary to prevent thigmotaxis from interfering. 
D)  Shuttling is a flight response.

Question 19

The failure to find a strong direct correlation between fear responses and the avoidance response is less problematic if we assume that

Accepted Answer

A)  the aversive CS activates a central motivational state rather than a peripheral response. 
B)  the instrumental response does not occur automatically or habitually. 
C)  avoidance and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer are incompatible. 
D)  fear is not an acquired motivation. 
A)  the aversive CS activates a central motivational state rather than a peripheral response. 
B)  the instrumental response does not occur automatically or habitually. 
C)  avoidance and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer are incompatible. 
D)  fear is not an acquired motivation.

Question 20

Rats can learn to avoid a regularly occurring aversive event, even when it is not signaled. This observation is

Accepted Answer

A)  evidence that two-factor theory is incorrect, as there is no signal to terminate, and thus no fear reduction. 
B)  explainable by the rats' sense of elapsed time from the last response, and thus not a threat for two-factor theory. 
C)  inconsistent with the idea that avoidance can become habit. 
D)  argued to be a demonstration of escape responding. 
A)  evidence that two-factor theory is incorrect, as there is no signal to terminate, and thus no fear reduction. 
B)  explainable by the rats' sense of elapsed time from the last response, and thus not a threat for two-factor theory. 
C)  inconsistent with the idea that avoidance can become habit. 
D)  argued to be a demonstration of escape responding.

If two-factor theory is an accurate explanation of avoidance learning, then

What is meant by an analysis of behavior being "cognitive?"

Which observation has had little influence in the argument by researchers that the laws regulating the formation of R-O learning are similar to those of S-O learning?

The misbehavior of organisms demonstrates that

An avoidance response that is learned after very few trials (e.g., 1‒4) is

Sam has learned that hard work in the kickboxing gym pays off, whereas Travis typically performs well with little effort. While sparring with Nelson in the gym, each suffers four consecutive knockdowns. How will this affect Sam and Travis?

When animals have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive event in the first training phase of a study, the negative effect of this treatment is reduced the most when

If a subject learns only that "response = no shock," then the avoidance response should be

Suppose you reward your dog with a bone every time it brings you the newspaper. When instinctive drift kicks in, your dog will

You are pulled over by the police and receive an enormous fine for speeding on Prospect Street. Now you avoid driving on Prospect Street because

Which behavior in rats would be referred to as schedule-induced polydipsia?

Travis is the victim of unpredictable bullying on the playground. In every case it continues until he sees the teacher coming, and then it promptly ends. What effect will the teacher have on his learned helplessness?

Instrumental schedules are most likely to produce adjunctive behaviors when the schedule has a(n) _______ payoff rate.

Why should termination of the warning signal be more important in learning to shuttle than in one-way avoidance?

The failure to find a strong direct correlation between fear responses and the avoidance response is less problematic if we assume that

Rats can learn to avoid a regularly occurring aversive event, even when it is not signaled. This observation is

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

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Exam 10: A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

If two-factor theory is an accurate explanation of avoidance learning, then

What is meant by an analysis of behavior being "cognitive?"

Which observation has had little influence in the argument by researchers that the laws regulating the formation of R-O learning are similar to those of S-O learning?

The misbehavior of organisms demonstrates that

An avoidance response that is learned after very few trials (e.g., 1‒4) is

Sam has learned that hard work in the kickboxing gym pays off, whereas Travis typically performs well with little effort. While sparring with Nelson in the gym, each suffers four consecutive knockdowns. How will this affect Sam and Travis?

When animals have experienced inescapable exposure to an aversive event in the first training phase of a study, the negative effect of this treatment is reduced the most when

If a subject learns only that "response = no shock," then the avoidance response should be

Suppose you reward your dog with a bone every time it brings you the newspaper. When instinctive drift kicks in, your dog will

You are pulled over by the police and receive an enormous fine for speeding on Prospect Street. Now you avoid driving on Prospect Street because

Which behavior in rats would be referred to as schedule-induced polydipsia?

Travis is the victim of unpredictable bullying on the playground. In every case it continues until he sees the teacher coming, and then it promptly ends. What effect will the teacher have on his learned helplessness?

Instrumental schedules are most likely to produce adjunctive behaviors when the schedule has a(n) _______ payoff rate.

Why should termination of the warning signal be more important in learning to shuttle than in one-way avoidance?

The failure to find a strong direct correlation between fear responses and the avoidance response is less problematic if we assume that

Rats can learn to avoid a regularly occurring aversive event, even when it is not signaled. This observation is

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

Filters