Question 1

The Pearce-Hall and Mackintosh models make the same prediction with regard to

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking and latent inhibition. 
B)  latent inhibition, but not blocking. 
C)  the attention devoted to predictive stimuli in humans. 
D)  the attention devoted to a CS paired with a US when they are paired on over 50% of their occurrences. 
A)  blocking and latent inhibition. 
B)  latent inhibition, but not blocking. 
C)  the attention devoted to predictive stimuli in humans. 
D)  the attention devoted to a CS paired with a US when they are paired on over 50% of their occurrences. B

Question 2

Modern discussions of long-term memory use the term "_______" to refer collectively to organized groups of memory representations.

Accepted Answer

A)  network 
B)  node 
C)  connection 
D)  prime 
A)  network 
B)  node 
C)  connection 
D)  prime A

Question 3

When we examine the process of learning, we typically see

Accepted Answer

A)  the greatest gains in associative strength made late in training. 
B)  the greatest gains in associative strength made early in training. 
C)  slow but equivalent gains in associative strength throughout training. 
D)  an abrupt transition from highly variable responding to highly precise responding. 
A)  the greatest gains in associative strength made late in training. 
B)  the greatest gains in associative strength made early in training. 
C)  slow but equivalent gains in associative strength throughout training. 
D)  an abrupt transition from highly variable responding to highly precise responding. B

Question 4

In a third-grade classroom, Carla became an aversive excitatory stimulus to Kelly because she often embarrassed Kelly in front of other pupils. In the fourth grade, Kelly and Carla are again in the same class, but the new teacher will not tolerate abusive behavior. After six weeks, Kelly is no longer made anxious by Carla's presence. Kelly later joins a soccer team and finds that Carla belongs to the same team. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the teacher is likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  be a neutral CS. 
B)  an inhibitor for Kelly's embarrassment tactics. 
C)  block Kelly. 
D)  be blocked by Kelly. 
A)  be a neutral CS. 
B)  an inhibitor for Kelly's embarrassment tactics. 
C)  block Kelly. 
D)  be blocked by Kelly.

Question 5

The AESOP model predicts that

Accepted Answer

A)  a US typically elicits just a single, distinct reflex, but CSs can elicit multiple responses. 
B)  only an emotive node or sensory node, but not both, can be activated at any one time. 
C)  depending on CS-US timing, the same CS may elicit behavior based on an excitatory emotive association or an inhibitory sensory association, or both. 
D)  the emotive nodes move between the A1, A2, and inactive stages more quickly than the sensory nodes do. 
A)  a US typically elicits just a single, distinct reflex, but CSs can elicit multiple responses. 
B)  only an emotive node or sensory node, but not both, can be activated at any one time. 
C)  depending on CS-US timing, the same CS may elicit behavior based on an excitatory emotive association or an inhibitory sensory association, or both. 
D)  the emotive nodes move between the A1, A2, and inactive stages more quickly than the sensory nodes do.

Question 6

Which two phenomena are most similar, as explained by the Rescorla-Wagner model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blocking and conditioned inhibition 
B)  Extinction and contingency 
C)  Protection from extinction and blocking 
D)  Positive and negative patterning 
A)  Blocking and conditioned inhibition 
B)  Extinction and contingency 
C)  Protection from extinction and blocking 
D)  Positive and negative patterning

Question 7

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts the blocking phenomenon by predicting that

Accepted Answer

A)  the salience of the new CS used to form the compound is nonexistent relative to the CS of the first training phase. 
B)  the salience of the US decreases as training proceeds, such that its salience is zero by the time compound conditioning trials begin. 
C)  the effectiveness of US decreases as training proceeds, such that its value is zero by the time compound conditioning trials begin. 
D)  the associative strength of the first phase CS equals the size of the US by the time compound conditioning trials begin. 
A)  the salience of the new CS used to form the compound is nonexistent relative to the CS of the first training phase. 
B)  the salience of the US decreases as training proceeds, such that its salience is zero by the time compound conditioning trials begin. 
C)  the effectiveness of US decreases as training proceeds, such that its value is zero by the time compound conditioning trials begin. 
D)  the associative strength of the first phase CS equals the size of the US by the time compound conditioning trials begin.

Question 8

The term "asymptote" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  surprisingness or salience of the CS. 
B)  surprisingness or salience of the US. 
C)  limit of a learning curve. 
D)  upper limit of the learning curve. 
A)  surprisingness or salience of the CS. 
B)  surprisingness or salience of the US. 
C)  limit of a learning curve. 
D)  upper limit of the learning curve.

Question 9

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ refers to the limit of the amount of associative strength or learning that may occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  V 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  V 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10

Question 10

A, B, and C are conditioned to an asymptote. Then A and B are compounded on trials without the US (AB-no US) and C is presented alone, without the US (C-no US). Which will undergo the greater amount of extinction according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

Accepted Answer

A)  C, then A, then B 
B)  C, then B, then A 
C)  A and B, then C 
D)  At first C, but A and B will extinguish more quickly on later trials. 
A)  C, then A, then B 
B)  C, then B, then A 
C)  A and B, then C 
D)  At first C, but A and B will extinguish more quickly on later trials.

Question 11

The Rescorla-Wagner model proposes that changes in associative strength can be predicted by using the formula

Accepted Answer

A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 + F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V). 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (V - F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V). 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - V). 
A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 + F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V). 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (V - F1F1F1S1F1F1F10). 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 V). 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10V = (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10) (F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 - V).

Question 12

To the extent that learning is a memory function, it seems to take place in

Accepted Answer

A)  short term memory. 
B)  long term memory. 
C)  the retrieval process. 
D)  sensory memory. 
A)  short term memory. 
B)  long term memory. 
C)  the retrieval process. 
D)  sensory memory.

Question 13

If A predicts the US very well and then is combined with B (AB) and paired with the US over several trials, B will be blocked. But suppose that after the AB+ trials, B is now presented by itself with the US. What would the Rescorla-Wagner model predict versus the model of Pearce and Hall? Explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

The Rescorla-Wagner model would predict

Question 14

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is repeatedly presented without any US, the associative strength of that CS should

Accepted Answer

A)  become inhibitory. 
B)  become excitatory. 
C)  remain neutral or zero. 
D)  be unchanged, although alpha for the CS will be reduced. 
A)  become inhibitory. 
B)  become excitatory. 
C)  remain neutral or zero. 
D)  be unchanged, although alpha for the CS will be reduced.

Question 15

Although the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts a reduction of conditioned inhibition for all of the following situations, there is no empirical evidence for the model's predictions when the inhibitory CS is presented

Accepted Answer

A)  without the US during extinction. 
B)  with the conditioning US. 
C)  with another inhibitory CS during conditioning. 
D)  with a neutral CS and the conditioning US. 
A)  without the US during extinction. 
B)  with the conditioning US. 
C)  with another inhibitory CS during conditioning. 
D)  with a neutral CS and the conditioning US.

Question 16

A hybrid attention model assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  the attention needed to detect a stimulus and perform based on a learned association is different from the attention needed to learn about a stimulus. 
B)  the attention needed to detect a stimulus is the same as attention needed to learn about it, but learning and performance are different systems. 
C)  one-trial blocking is the result of exploring things already known about the US. 
D)  attention is based on performance and learning is based on the US. 
A)  the attention needed to detect a stimulus and perform based on a learned association is different from the attention needed to learn about a stimulus. 
B)  the attention needed to detect a stimulus is the same as attention needed to learn about it, but learning and performance are different systems. 
C)  one-trial blocking is the result of exploring things already known about the US. 
D)  attention is based on performance and learning is based on the US.

Question 17

After conditioning A, adding a novel B to A (i.e., AB) results in some loss of the conditioned response. Pavlov named this effect

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization decrement. 
B)  conditioned inhibition. 
C)  external inhibition. 
D)  negative patterning. 
A)  generalization decrement. 
B)  conditioned inhibition. 
C)  external inhibition. 
D)  negative patterning.

Question 18

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts

Accepted Answer

A)  the rate of acquisition of associative strength, and the amount that will accrue to each stimulus. 
B)  the effects of self- and retrieval-generated long-term memory priming. 
C)  the relative change in associative strength for each stimulus on a trial-by-trial basis, and the effects of stimulus configuration. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  the rate of acquisition of associative strength, and the amount that will accrue to each stimulus. 
B)  the effects of self- and retrieval-generated long-term memory priming. 
C)  the relative change in associative strength for each stimulus on a trial-by-trial basis, and the effects of stimulus configuration. 
D)  None of the above

Question 19

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that extinction occurs because the

Accepted Answer

A)  context gains inhibitory strength during each trial that it is presented along with the US. 
B)  context gains inhibitory strength during each trial that the CS is presented without the US. 
C)  CS loses excitatory strength during each trial that it is presented without the US. 
D)  presentation of the CS without the US causes the association to be forgotten. 
A)  context gains inhibitory strength during each trial that it is presented along with the US. 
B)  context gains inhibitory strength during each trial that the CS is presented without the US. 
C)  CS loses excitatory strength during each trial that it is presented without the US. 
D)  presentation of the CS without the US causes the association to be forgotten.

Question 20

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's explanation of blocking,

Accepted Answer

A)  some excitatory conditioning occurs on the first compound conditioning trial, but after that trial the added element develops inhibitory associative strength. 
B)  some excitatory conditioning occurs on the first compound conditioning trial, but after that trial no further associative strength accrues to the added element. 
C)  very little conditioning occurs on the first or any subsequent trials, as the US cannot support any more associative strength to be gained by either stimulus in the compound. 
D)  inhibitory conditioning begins to occur to the added element on the first compound conditioning trial and continues to accrue, in turn preventing any excitatory associative strength from accruing to the compound. 
A)  some excitatory conditioning occurs on the first compound conditioning trial, but after that trial the added element develops inhibitory associative strength. 
B)  some excitatory conditioning occurs on the first compound conditioning trial, but after that trial no further associative strength accrues to the added element. 
C)  very little conditioning occurs on the first or any subsequent trials, as the US cannot support any more associative strength to be gained by either stimulus in the compound. 
D)  inhibitory conditioning begins to occur to the added element on the first compound conditioning trial and continues to accrue, in turn preventing any excitatory associative strength from accruing to the compound.

The Pearce-Hall and Mackintosh models make the same prediction with regard to

Modern discussions of long-term memory use the term "_______" to refer collectively to organized groups of memory representations.

When we examine the process of learning, we typically see

The AESOP model predicts that

Which two phenomena are most similar, as explained by the Rescorla-Wagner model?

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts the blocking phenomenon by predicting that

The term "asymptote" refers to the

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ refers to the limit of the amount of associative strength or learning that may occur.

A, B, and C are conditioned to an asymptote. Then A and B are compounded on trials without the US (AB-no US) and C is presented alone, without the US (C-no US). Which will undergo the greater amount of extinction according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

The Rescorla-Wagner model proposes that changes in associative strength can be predicted by using the formula

To the extent that learning is a memory function, it seems to take place in

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is repeatedly presented without any US, the associative strength of that CS should

Although the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts a reduction of conditioned inhibition for all of the following situations, there is no empirical evidence for the model's predictions when the inhibitory CS is presented

A hybrid attention model assumes that

After conditioning A, adding a novel B to A (i.e., AB) results in some loss of the conditioned response. Pavlov named this effect

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that extinction occurs because the

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's explanation of blocking,

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 4: Theories of Conditioning

The Pearce-Hall and Mackintosh models make the same prediction with regard to

Modern discussions of long-term memory use the term "_______" to refer collectively to organized groups of memory representations.

When we examine the process of learning, we typically see

The AESOP model predicts that

Which two phenomena are most similar, as explained by the Rescorla-Wagner model?

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts the blocking phenomenon by predicting that

The term "asymptote" refers to the

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbol _______ refers to the limit of the amount of associative strength or learning that may occur.

A, B, and C are conditioned to an asymptote. Then A and B are compounded on trials without the US (AB-no US) and C is presented alone, without the US (C-no US). Which will undergo the greater amount of extinction according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

The Rescorla-Wagner model proposes that changes in associative strength can be predicted by using the formula

To the extent that learning is a memory function, it seems to take place in

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if a novel CS is repeatedly presented without any US, the associative strength of that CS should

Although the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts a reduction of conditioned inhibition for all of the following situations, there is no empirical evidence for the model's predictions when the inhibitory CS is presented

A hybrid attention model assumes that

After conditioning A, adding a novel B to A (i.e., AB) results in some loss of the conditioned response. Pavlov named this effect

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that extinction occurs because the

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's explanation of blocking,

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters