Question 1

The behavioral systems approach assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  the behavioral system is arranged such that higher-level functions have modules that correspond to very specific behaviors (e.g., selection of ripe fruit) and lower-level functions have modes concerned with general goals (e.g., foraging). 
B)  the behavioral system is arranged such that lower-level functions have modes concerned with general goals (e.g., foraging). 
C)  the conditioned stimulus may determine the conditioned response by activating particular modules of a given behavioral system (e.g., foraging versus chasing). 
D)  each mode, module, and behavior within a given system uses the same set of stimuli to trigger and direct responding. 
A)  the behavioral system is arranged such that higher-level functions have modules that correspond to very specific behaviors (e.g., selection of ripe fruit) and lower-level functions have modes concerned with general goals (e.g., foraging). 
B)  the behavioral system is arranged such that lower-level functions have modes concerned with general goals (e.g., foraging). 
C)  the conditioned stimulus may determine the conditioned response by activating particular modules of a given behavioral system (e.g., foraging versus chasing). 
D)  each mode, module, and behavior within a given system uses the same set of stimuli to trigger and direct responding. C

Question 2

An occasion setter

Accepted Answer

A)  increases the ambiguity of another cue because it contradicts its meaning. 
B)  reduces the ambiguity of another cue by signaling a contradictory meaning. 
C)  can reduce the ambiguity of another cue, even if the meaning of the cue is the opposite of that of the occasion setter. 
D)  reduces the ambiguity of another cue by summing its own association with that of the other cue. 
A)  increases the ambiguity of another cue because it contradicts its meaning. 
B)  reduces the ambiguity of another cue by signaling a contradictory meaning. 
C)  can reduce the ambiguity of another cue, even if the meaning of the cue is the opposite of that of the occasion setter. 
D)  reduces the ambiguity of another cue by summing its own association with that of the other cue. C

Question 3

When you call out to your current partner using your ex's name, it is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  encoding failure. 
D)  trace decay. 
A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  encoding failure. 
D)  trace decay. A

Question 4

We use the term _______ to refer to memories that may be forgotten because they fade or lose associative strength as time passes.

Accepted Answer

A)  retroactive interference 
B)  proactive interference 
C)  encoding failure 
D)  trace decay 
A)  retroactive interference 
B)  proactive interference 
C)  encoding failure 
D)  trace decay

Question 5

Sydney is generally a dull companion, but she is very entertaining when Dave is around. If Dave is an occasion setter,

Accepted Answer

A)  he is necessary for entertainment. 
B)  it is Sydney that is entertaining, not Dave. 
C)  it is really Dave, not Sydney, who is entertaining. 
D)  neither Sydney nor Dave is entertaining individually, but they are entertaining when they are together. 
A)  he is necessary for entertainment. 
B)  it is Sydney that is entertaining, not Dave. 
C)  it is really Dave, not Sydney, who is entertaining. 
D)  neither Sydney nor Dave is entertaining individually, but they are entertaining when they are together.

Question 6

To test the meaning of an occasion setter in a serial, feature-negative discrimination, a food-cup entry procedure is used with rats. In the first phase of the study, a buzzer is followed by food, while a buzzer preceded by a flashing light is followed by no food. In a second phase of training, the flashing light alone is paired with food. When the flashing light is again presented with the buzzer, the occasion-setting model predicts that we should see

Accepted Answer

A)  no food-cup entry. 
B)  bursts of food-cup entry intermixed with periods of no responding. 
C)  a high sustained rate of food-cup entry. 
D)  a low sustained rate of food-cup entry. 
A)  no food-cup entry. 
B)  bursts of food-cup entry intermixed with periods of no responding. 
C)  a high sustained rate of food-cup entry. 
D)  a low sustained rate of food-cup entry.

Question 7

Research on memory and learning in animals has found that forgotten memories can be reactivated by

Accepted Answer

A)  allowing the inhibition associated with a CS to dissipate. 
B)  presenting the CS in the absence of the US. 
C)  placing the subject in the training context. 
D)  testing in the early morning. 
A)  allowing the inhibition associated with a CS to dissipate. 
B)  presenting the CS in the absence of the US. 
C)  placing the subject in the training context. 
D)  testing in the early morning.

Question 8

Eikelboom and Stewart proposed a resolution to the compensatory response-stimulus substitution problem by distinguishing between

Accepted Answer

A)  effects produced by the US and the body's response to those effects. 
B)  compensatory responses linked between the CS and the A2 state, and traditional responses linked to the A1 state. 
C)  the central and peripheral nervous system. 
D)  the CR and the UR. 
A)  effects produced by the US and the body's response to those effects. 
B)  compensatory responses linked between the CS and the A2 state, and traditional responses linked to the A1 state. 
C)  the central and peripheral nervous system. 
D)  the CR and the UR.

Question 9

Saltine crackers always give you a very dry mouth. One day, you sample some new cinnamon-flavored saltine crackers. Later, the smell and taste of cinnamon make you salivate excessively. Why does that occur? Discuss how the salivation to cinnamon can occur from the perspective of Eikelboom and Stewart's physiological approach to compensatory responding.

Accepted Answer

The cracker US produces a host of effect

Question 10

A rat lives to be roughly 2 years old, and fear conditioning in rats appears to be remembered very well over a period of at least 60 days. They still fear the tone after not hearing it for roughly 10% of their lifespan. Which explanation for forgetting does this observation conflict with most? Justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

It conflicts with the idea that forgetti

Question 11

In a memory study, a rat is trained in Phase 1 to press whichever key light is flashing (sometimes the left, sometimes the right) in order to get food. In Phase 2, the same rat is taught to press the illuminated left key in order to get food (constant illumination) and ignore the right key light (constant illumination), which now is associated with no food. Phase 3 returns to the randomized flashing light signal of Phase 1. If the rat in Phase 3 tends to press the flashing left but not the flashing right key, this faulty responding is likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  encoding failure. 
D)  trace decay. 
A)  proactive interference. 
B)  retroactive interference. 
C)  encoding failure. 
D)  trace decay.

Question 12

Evaluate the effectiveness of propranolol as a treatment for anxiety that developed in response to a traumatic event. How could it could be useful, and what are the drawbacks of the treatment?

Accepted Answer

Propranolol is a drug that is supposed t

Question 13

A renewal effect can best be characterized as

Accepted Answer

A)  exaggerated responding in a context that is different from the original training context. 
B)  reacquisition of responding at a faster rate than the original learning after extinction training in the same context. 
C)  a recurrence of responding when the subject is tested outside the context in which extinction occurred. 
D)  the effect that the retrieval of memories learned in one context has on the subject's responding in a different context. 
A)  exaggerated responding in a context that is different from the original training context. 
B)  reacquisition of responding at a faster rate than the original learning after extinction training in the same context. 
C)  a recurrence of responding when the subject is tested outside the context in which extinction occurred. 
D)  the effect that the retrieval of memories learned in one context has on the subject's responding in a different context.

Question 14

You generally think Eric is entertaining, but you don't when Travis is present. Which statement would be consistent with Travis being an occasion setter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Travis is just not fun. 
B)  Eric is not entertaining when Travis is around. 
C)  Nobody is entertaining when Travis is around. 
D)  Most people don't get along with Travis. 
A)  Travis is just not fun. 
B)  Eric is not entertaining when Travis is around. 
C)  Nobody is entertaining when Travis is around. 
D)  Most people don't get along with Travis.

Question 15

You are very attracted to people with red hair. You have broken up with Pat, who has red hair, and you are now dating Chris, who also has red hair. You find yourself calling Chris "Pat," and after apologizing, you assure Chris that the error will likely fade with time. Can you really be certain of this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes; with time, the memory for Pat should decay. 
B)  No; with time, similar stimuli tend to be perceived as more similar. 
C)  Yes; as you learn more about Chris, proactive interference will reduce the likelihood of the mistake. 
D)  Yes; memories can be erased with time. 
A)  Yes; with time, the memory for Pat should decay. 
B)  No; with time, similar stimuli tend to be perceived as more similar. 
C)  Yes; as you learn more about Chris, proactive interference will reduce the likelihood of the mistake. 
D)  Yes; memories can be erased with time.

Question 16

When you are with Chris, you routinely eat a hamburger. You have never eaten a hamburger when you are with both Chris and Pat. While Chris is away on vacation, you have several hamburgers with Pat. Now that Chris is back, you get together with both Chris and Pat and you _______ to eat a hamburger, showing that Pat was a(n) _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  expect; an occasion setter 
B)  do not expect; an occasion setter 
C)  do not expect; a conditioned inhibitor 
D)  do not expect; an excitor 
A)  expect; an occasion setter 
B)  do not expect; an occasion setter 
C)  do not expect; a conditioned inhibitor 
D)  do not expect; an excitor

Question 17

Researchers have found that children of parents with alcoholism learn to predict the parents' behavioral tendencies. For example, when a child interacts with a parent and detects the smell of alcohol, the child knows that the parent will not prepare a meal; when the child detects no alcohol, the child knows that the parent will prepare a meal and perform other parental functions. Alcohol is therefore a _______ in a _______ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A)  target; feature-positive 
B)  feature; feature-negative 
C)  target; feature-negative 
D)  feature; feature-positive 
A)  target; feature-positive 
B)  feature; feature-negative 
C)  target; feature-negative 
D)  feature; feature-positive

Question 18

Fear-potentiated startle is said to occur when subjects

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrate anxiety (e.g., whining, trembling, freezing) prior to the occurrence of an aversive CS. 
B)  condition rapidly to a stimulus that signals an aversive US. 
C)  produce an exaggerated response to a novel stimulus while exposed to an aversive CS. 
D)  produce a startle response and catatonic freezing when two independently conditioned aversive CSs are presented together without warning. 
A)  demonstrate anxiety (e.g., whining, trembling, freezing) prior to the occurrence of an aversive CS. 
B)  condition rapidly to a stimulus that signals an aversive US. 
C)  produce an exaggerated response to a novel stimulus while exposed to an aversive CS. 
D)  produce a startle response and catatonic freezing when two independently conditioned aversive CSs are presented together without warning.

Question 19

Refer to the scenario below to answer the questions that follow.
In an extended experiment, rats receive five kinds of trials within four-hour-long sessions of daily training over a period of five months. A tone is followed by food only when it is preceded by a small light on the left side of the wall (LS1U1B1LS1U1B0); no food is given when the tone is presented by itself (LS1U1B1LS1U1B0→T+, T‒). A small light on the right side of the wall (RS1U1B1LS1U1B0) is followed by food when it was preceded by a clicker; no food is given when the tone is presented by itself (C→RS1U1B1LS1U1B0+, RS1U1B1LS1U1B0‒). Finally, a white noise (N) is followed by food 40% of the time.
-Suppose C is not found to be an occasion setter. Which change to the experimental design would make C an occasion setter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Moving it closer in time to RL 
B)  Making it simultaneous with RL 
C)  Decreasing its salience 
D)  Increasing its salience 
A)  Moving it closer in time to RL 
B)  Making it simultaneous with RL 
C)  Decreasing its salience 
D)  Increasing its salience

Question 20

Which of the following phenomena tends to occur despite context changes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Habituation 
B)  Hall-Pearce negative transfer 
C)  Extinction 
D)  Spontaneous recovery 
A)  Habituation 
B)  Hall-Pearce negative transfer 
C)  Extinction 
D)  Spontaneous recovery

The behavioral systems approach assumes that

An occasion setter

When you call out to your current partner using your ex's name, it is due to

We use the term _______ to refer to memories that may be forgotten because they fade or lose associative strength as time passes.

Sydney is generally a dull companion, but she is very entertaining when Dave is around. If Dave is an occasion setter,

Research on memory and learning in animals has found that forgotten memories can be reactivated by

Eikelboom and Stewart proposed a resolution to the compensatory response-stimulus substitution problem by distinguishing between

Evaluate the effectiveness of propranolol as a treatment for anxiety that developed in response to a traumatic event. How could it could be useful, and what are the drawbacks of the treatment?

A renewal effect can best be characterized as

You generally think Eric is entertaining, but you don't when Travis is present. Which statement would be consistent with Travis being an occasion setter?

Fear-potentiated startle is said to occur when subjects

Which of the following phenomena tends to occur despite context changes?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 5: What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

The behavioral systems approach assumes that

An occasion setter

When you call out to your current partner using your ex's name, it is due to

We use the term _______ to refer to memories that may be forgotten because they fade or lose associative strength as time passes.

Sydney is generally a dull companion, but she is very entertaining when Dave is around. If Dave is an occasion setter,

Research on memory and learning in animals has found that forgotten memories can be reactivated by

Eikelboom and Stewart proposed a resolution to the compensatory response-stimulus substitution problem by distinguishing between

Evaluate the effectiveness of propranolol as a treatment for anxiety that developed in response to a traumatic event. How could it could be useful, and what are the drawbacks of the treatment?

A renewal effect can best be characterized as

You generally think Eric is entertaining, but you don't when Travis is present. Which statement would be consistent with Travis being an occasion setter?

Fear-potentiated startle is said to occur when subjects

Which of the following phenomena tends to occur despite context changes?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters