Question 1

In evolution, it is most important that an organism

Accepted Answer

A)  survives. 
B)  is adaptive. 
C)  passes on its genes. 
D)  has fixed action patterns. 
A)  survives. 
B)  is adaptive. 
C)  passes on its genes. 
D)  has fixed action patterns. C

Question 2

Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that eyebrow flashing at friendly social greetings is a fixed action pattern. Based on your knowledge of how fixed actions patterns are supposed to work, how could you test that idea?

Accepted Answer

Fixed action patterns are supposed to be built into the genes and not affected by feedback. Thus, you could try to change the frequency of a suspected fixed action pattern by reinforcing or punishing the behavior. If a behavior changes as a function of the outcome, then it is not likely to be a fixed action pattern.

Question 3

Describe examples of positive and negative reinforcement from your own experience. Clearly identify the behavior, the consequences, and how the behavior changes.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Negative reinforcement examples should identify a behavior that removes a stimulus and positive reinforcement examples should identify a behavior that produces a stimulus. Both outcomes should increase the behavior.

Question 4

Which scenario involves avoidance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Since getting a new suede jacket, Keith listens to the weather forecast every morning before deciding whether he will wear it. 
B)  Since Sonya has been late to school 66 times and cut class 94 times during the school year, she will be required to attend summer school. 
C)  Based on past experiences with spam and computer viruses, Kelly now deletes all e-mail messages from senders she does not know without even reading them. 
D)  Because of positive results from a test of banned drugs, the state wrestling champion is stripped of his medal and his name is stricken from the record book. 
A)  Since getting a new suede jacket, Keith listens to the weather forecast every morning before deciding whether he will wear it. 
B)  Since Sonya has been late to school 66 times and cut class 94 times during the school year, she will be required to attend summer school. 
C)  Based on past experiences with spam and computer viruses, Kelly now deletes all e-mail messages from senders she does not know without even reading them. 
D)  Because of positive results from a test of banned drugs, the state wrestling champion is stripped of his medal and his name is stricken from the record book.

Question 5

Monarch butterflies taste nasty to predators due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their system. Viceroy butterflies, which look much like Monarchs, are much more tasty. Describe how the Viceroy might have evolved to mimic the Monarch.

Accepted Answer

If birds avoid Monarch butterflies, then

Question 6

Support the idea that classical and operant conditioning operate by similar principles by discussing specific similarities.

Accepted Answer

Both operant and classical conditioning

Question 7

_______ and _______ are ways of decreasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative reinforcement; omission 
B)  Punishment; negative reinforcement 
C)  Omission; punishment 
D)  Escape; omission 
A)  Negative reinforcement; omission 
B)  Punishment; negative reinforcement 
C)  Omission; punishment 
D)  Escape; omission

Question 8

For taste aversion learning to work best, the food or beverage needs to possess _______ features.

Accepted Answer

A)  novel 
B)  familiar 
C)  changing 
D)  stable 
A)  novel 
B)  familiar 
C)  changing 
D)  stable

Question 9

Describe how a compensatory response can protect against drug overdose and discuss the experimental evidence.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned compensatory response redu

Question 10

_______ and _______ both decrease an organism's responses, but the decrease in behavior resulting from the latter is not a learned response.

Accepted Answer

A)  Omission training; extinction 
B)  Extinction; omission training 
C)  Negative reinforcement; extinction 
D)  Extinction; habituation 
A)  Omission training; extinction 
B)  Extinction; omission training 
C)  Negative reinforcement; extinction 
D)  Extinction; habituation

Question 11

Which statement about the timing of an outcome is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The timing of the outcome relative to the response has a strong impact on reward learning but not on punishment. 
B)  The timing of the outcome is more critical for instrumental than for classical conditioning procedures. 
C)  The same stimulus‒outcome timing that produces good learning will also maximize response‒outcome learning when the timing is the same. 
D)  In both classical and instrumental conditioning, close timing produces better learning, but the time scale differs between paradigms. 
A)  The timing of the outcome relative to the response has a strong impact on reward learning but not on punishment. 
B)  The timing of the outcome is more critical for instrumental than for classical conditioning procedures. 
C)  The same stimulus‒outcome timing that produces good learning will also maximize response‒outcome learning when the timing is the same. 
D)  In both classical and instrumental conditioning, close timing produces better learning, but the time scale differs between paradigms.

Question 12

Avoidance is said to occur when a subject

Accepted Answer

A)  responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring. 
B)  engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event. 
C)  experiences an aversive event and then engages in a behavior that removes that event. 
D)  engages in a behavior and does not receive any outcome. 
A)  responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring. 
B)  engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event. 
C)  experiences an aversive event and then engages in a behavior that removes that event. 
D)  engages in a behavior and does not receive any outcome.

Question 13

Sam's kickboxing gym gives current members a credit for one month's membership fees for every two new members they refer to the gym. To date, Sam has earned three months of credit on his athletic club fees. The gym then discontinues the membership credit program, and Sam's referrals quickly decline to zero. This change in Sam's behavior is most likely due to

Accepted Answer

A)  omission. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  avoidance. 
D)  extinction. 
A)  omission. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  avoidance. 
D)  extinction.

Question 14

Which behavior is not likely to be a fixed action pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cat running into the kitchen whenever it hears the sound of the can opener 
B)  A dog raising its hackles when it sees another dog 
C)  A fish grabbing an insect hovering above the surface of the water 
D)  A peacock spreading and shaking its tail feathers in the presence of a peahen 
A)  A cat running into the kitchen whenever it hears the sound of the can opener 
B)  A dog raising its hackles when it sees another dog 
C)  A fish grabbing an insect hovering above the surface of the water 
D)  A peacock spreading and shaking its tail feathers in the presence of a peahen

Question 15

Positive and negative sign tracking and the law of effect

Accepted Answer

A)  ensure adequate adaptation to changing environments. 
B)  serve similar and parallel functions. 
C)  operate only in instrumental conditioning. 
D)  change behavior more in classical conditioning situations than in instrumental ones. 
A)  ensure adequate adaptation to changing environments. 
B)  serve similar and parallel functions. 
C)  operate only in instrumental conditioning. 
D)  change behavior more in classical conditioning situations than in instrumental ones.

Question 16

Exposure therapy uses _______ to reduce fear responses.

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  extinction 
C)  punishment 
D)  omission 
A)  spontaneous recovery 
B)  extinction 
C)  punishment 
D)  omission

Question 17

Behavior is most likely to change in strength when O is

Accepted Answer

A)  good or pleasant. 
B)  bad or unpleasant. 
C)  neutral. 
D)  either good or bad. 
A)  good or pleasant. 
B)  bad or unpleasant. 
C)  neutral. 
D)  either good or bad.

Question 18

Longing for some familiar food while visiting Japan, Erin visits a Japanese pizza parlor and orders a thin-crust pizza with tomato sauce, cheese, mushrooms, pepperoni, and squid. Later that day, she become nauseated. Which item is Erin most likely to associate with her nausea and avoid eating in the future?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pizza 
B)  Cheese 
C)  Pepperoni 
D)  Squid 
A)  Pizza 
B)  Cheese 
C)  Pepperoni 
D)  Squid

Question 19

Sign stimuli

Accepted Answer

A)  trigger classically conditioned responses. 
B)  are approached by organisms. 
C)  initiate fixed action patterns. 
D)  initiate operant behaviors. 
A)  trigger classically conditioned responses. 
B)  are approached by organisms. 
C)  initiate fixed action patterns. 
D)  initiate operant behaviors.

Question 20

Predatory birds find it easier to discover light-colored moths than dark-colored moths, and thus the former moths are eaten. From the perspective of evolution, the light-colored moth lacks

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive success. 
B)  selection propensity. 
C)  fitness. 
D)  ecological value. 
A)  reproductive success. 
B)  selection propensity. 
C)  fitness. 
D)  ecological value.

In evolution, it is most important that an organism

Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that eyebrow flashing at friendly social greetings is a fixed action pattern. Based on your knowledge of how fixed actions patterns are supposed to work, how could you test that idea?

Describe examples of positive and negative reinforcement from your own experience. Clearly identify the behavior, the consequences, and how the behavior changes.

Which scenario involves avoidance?

Monarch butterflies taste nasty to predators due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their system. Viceroy butterflies, which look much like Monarchs, are much more tasty. Describe how the Viceroy might have evolved to mimic the Monarch.

Support the idea that classical and operant conditioning operate by similar principles by discussing specific similarities.

_ and _ are ways of decreasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

For taste aversion learning to work best, the food or beverage needs to possess _______ features.

Describe how a compensatory response can protect against drug overdose and discuss the experimental evidence.

_ and _ both decrease an organism's responses, but the decrease in behavior resulting from the latter is not a learned response.

Which statement about the timing of an outcome is true?

Avoidance is said to occur when a subject

Which behavior is not likely to be a fixed action pattern?

Positive and negative sign tracking and the law of effect

Exposure therapy uses _______ to reduce fear responses.

Behavior is most likely to change in strength when O is

Sign stimuli

Predatory birds find it easier to discover light-colored moths than dark-colored moths, and thus the former moths are eaten. From the perspective of evolution, the light-colored moth lacks

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

In evolution, it is most important that an organism

Eibl-Eibesfeldt suggested that eyebrow flashing at friendly social greetings is a fixed action pattern. Based on your knowledge of how fixed actions patterns are supposed to work, how could you test that idea?

Describe examples of positive and negative reinforcement from your own experience. Clearly identify the behavior, the consequences, and how the behavior changes.

Which scenario involves avoidance?

Monarch butterflies taste nasty to predators due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their system. Viceroy butterflies, which look much like Monarchs, are much more tasty. Describe how the Viceroy might have evolved to mimic the Monarch.

Support the idea that classical and operant conditioning operate by similar principles by discussing specific similarities.

_______ and _______ are ways of decreasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

For taste aversion learning to work best, the food or beverage needs to possess _______ features.

Describe how a compensatory response can protect against drug overdose and discuss the experimental evidence.

_______ and _______ both decrease an organism's responses, but the decrease in behavior resulting from the latter is not a learned response.

Which statement about the timing of an outcome is true?

Avoidance is said to occur when a subject

Which behavior is not likely to be a fixed action pattern?

Positive and negative sign tracking and the law of effect

Exposure therapy uses _______ to reduce fear responses.

Behavior is most likely to change in strength when O is

Sign stimuli

Predatory birds find it easier to discover light-colored moths than dark-colored moths, and thus the former moths are eaten. From the perspective of evolution, the light-colored moth lacks

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

_ and _ are ways of decreasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

_ and _ both decrease an organism's responses, but the decrease in behavior resulting from the latter is not a learned response.