Question 1

Analyze Figure 15.24 In the text . Which of the following is NOT true regarding these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Control animals had no damage to the striatum. 
B)  Monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions take longer to associate new stimuli with a reward. 
C)  Monkeys with orbital prefrontal lesions take longer to associate a different stimulus with a reward. 
D)  Monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions do not learn to associate a stimulus with a reward. 
A)  Control animals had no damage to the striatum. 
B)  Monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions take longer to associate new stimuli with a reward. 
C)  Monkeys with orbital prefrontal lesions take longer to associate a different stimulus with a reward. 
D)  Monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions do not learn to associate a stimulus with a reward.

Question 2

Consider Figure 15.10. In the text Which statement accurately describes the data in this image?

Accepted Answer

A)  In patients with Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons are not expressed in more anterior regions of the SNc. 
B)  In patients with Parkinson's disease, the number of cells that express tyrosine hydroxylase increases with the duration of the disease. 
C)  As Parkinson's Disease progresses, fewer neurons are present in the SCn. 
D)  All of the above are accurate statements. 
A)  In patients with Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic neurons are not expressed in more anterior regions of the SNc. 
B)  In patients with Parkinson's disease, the number of cells that express tyrosine hydroxylase increases with the duration of the disease. 
C)  As Parkinson's Disease progresses, fewer neurons are present in the SCn. 
D)  All of the above are accurate statements.

Question 3

You are a researcher studying inhibition in the prefrontal cortex using fMRI. You find that during a Stroop test, a specific region of the prefrontal cortex becomes active when subjects give incongruent responses to naming words that are written in various colors. Based on the information in this chapter, this region is likely the _________________ prefrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

A)  orbital 
B)  lateral 
C)  medial 
D)  polar 
E)  none of the above 
A)  orbital 
B)  lateral 
C)  medial 
D)  polar 
E)  none of the above

Question 4

In Parkinson's disease, the loss of dopaminergic inputs to the striatum lead to thalamic inhibition and ultimately disrupt the positive feedback loop that governs execution of cortically generated action commands. Dopamine has both excitatory and inhibitory actions on striatal neurons. Propose a hypothesis about whether excitatory effects on the striatum are more important than inhibitory effects. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis and describe below.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Striatal neurons cont

Question 5

Analyze Figure 15.14 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a food reward in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
B)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have not yet learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
C)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
D)  Striatal dopamine decreases greatly following a food reward in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
E)  Striatal dopamine decreases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
A)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a food reward in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
B)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have not yet learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
C)  Striatal dopamine increases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
D)  Striatal dopamine decreases greatly following a food reward in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward. 
E)  Striatal dopamine decreases greatly following a stimulus in mice that have learned to associate a stimulus with a food reward.

Question 6

Which is true of the winner-take-all competition exhibited in striatal neural networks?

Accepted Answer

A)  When active, medium spiny neurons inhibit other medium spiny neurons. 
B)  The most active medium spiny neurons excite adjacent medium spiny neurons, creating a positive feedback loop. 
C)  The most active medium spiny neurons secrete signals that lead to apoptosis in adjacent neurons. 
D)  all of the above are true. 
A)  When active, medium spiny neurons inhibit other medium spiny neurons. 
B)  The most active medium spiny neurons excite adjacent medium spiny neurons, creating a positive feedback loop. 
C)  The most active medium spiny neurons secrete signals that lead to apoptosis in adjacent neurons. 
D)  all of the above are true.

Question 7

Analyze Figure 15.28 In the text . Select the statement below that best describes experimental evidence related to the neurophysiological correlates of working memory. In

Accepted Answer

A)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond preferentially to specific locations and remain active until after a saccade. 
B)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond preferentially to specific locations but stop responding when the star disappears from the screen. 
C)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond after a star is presented on the screen regardless of its location. 
D)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond only after a saccade is initiated toward the location of the star. 
A)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond preferentially to specific locations and remain active until after a saccade. 
B)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond preferentially to specific locations but stop responding when the star disappears from the screen. 
C)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond after a star is presented on the screen regardless of its location. 
D)  In monkeys trained to remember the location of a star on a screen, some prefrontal neurons respond only after a saccade is initiated toward the location of the star.

Question 8

Analyze figure 15.17 In the text . Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding these data?

Accepted Answer

A)  The experimenters were measuring electrical responses of striatal neurons. 
B)  Figure B shows that when striatal neurons are depolarized, post-synaptic potentials do not change. 
C)  Figure C shows that when SCn is stimulated at the same time as a striatal neurons is depolarized, EPSPs increase in magnitude. 
D)  Figure D shows that in the presence of D1 receptor antagonists, EPSPs do not increase after striatal depolarization/SCn stimulation. 
E)  None of the above are accurate statements. 
A)  The experimenters were measuring electrical responses of striatal neurons. 
B)  Figure B shows that when striatal neurons are depolarized, post-synaptic potentials do not change. 
C)  Figure C shows that when SCn is stimulated at the same time as a striatal neurons is depolarized, EPSPs increase in magnitude. 
D)  Figure D shows that in the presence of D1 receptor antagonists, EPSPs do not increase after striatal depolarization/SCn stimulation. 
E)  None of the above are accurate statements.

Question 9

An early case study in the function of the ____________________ involved a man named Phineas Gage. The damage done to this brain region showed that in part, its function is to ____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dorsal striatum; inhibit responses that an individual performs habitually 
B)  prefrontal cortex; inhibit responses that an individual performs habitually 
C)  ventral striatum; initiate goal-oriented behaviors such as food-seeking 
D)  thalamus; serve as part of the positive feedback loop associated with the frontostriatal system 
E)  all of the above are correct 
A)  dorsal striatum; inhibit responses that an individual performs habitually 
B)  prefrontal cortex; inhibit responses that an individual performs habitually 
C)  ventral striatum; initiate goal-oriented behaviors such as food-seeking 
D)  thalamus; serve as part of the positive feedback loop associated with the frontostriatal system 
E)  all of the above are correct

Question 10

Consider Figure 15.8. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these images?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells in the dorsal striatum express D1 receptors, but not D2 receptors. 
B)  D1 and D2 receptors are generally both present in each neuron of the dorsal striatum. 
C)  D1 and D2 receptors are both found in neurons of the dorsal striatum, but are not necessarily found in the same neuron. 
D)  D2 receptors are generally only found in the dorsal pallidum. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  Cells in the dorsal striatum express D1 receptors, but not D2 receptors. 
B)  D1 and D2 receptors are generally both present in each neuron of the dorsal striatum. 
C)  D1 and D2 receptors are both found in neurons of the dorsal striatum, but are not necessarily found in the same neuron. 
D)  D2 receptors are generally only found in the dorsal pallidum. 
E)  all of the above

Question 11

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose metabolism 
B)  blood oxygen levels 
C)  electrical activity 
D)  all of the above 
A)  glucose metabolism 
B)  blood oxygen levels 
C)  electrical activity 
D)  all of the above

Question 12

Analyze Figure 15.27 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the Stroop test and the data shown?

Accepted Answer

A)  A plausible function for the brain areas activated in this experiment is inhibiting impulses such as correctly naming a word when the color is incongruent with that word. 
B)  The ratio of lateral to orbital prefrontal cortex activation correlates with a subject's ability to correctly name a word. 
C)  Subjects that have damage in the lateral prefrontal cortex are more likely to give incongruent responses. 
D)  Subjects that have damage in the medial prefrontal cortex are more likely to give incongruent responses. 
E)  All of the above are accurate. 
A)  A plausible function for the brain areas activated in this experiment is inhibiting impulses such as correctly naming a word when the color is incongruent with that word. 
B)  The ratio of lateral to orbital prefrontal cortex activation correlates with a subject's ability to correctly name a word. 
C)  Subjects that have damage in the lateral prefrontal cortex are more likely to give incongruent responses. 
D)  Subjects that have damage in the medial prefrontal cortex are more likely to give incongruent responses. 
E)  All of the above are accurate.

Question 13

The frontal cortex contains which of the following division?

Accepted Answer

A)  orbital 
B)  lateral 
C)  polar 
D)  medial 
E)  all of the above 
A)  orbital 
B)  lateral 
C)  polar 
D)  medial 
E)  all of the above

Question 14

Which is an accurate statement regarding the prefrontal lobotomies performed during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s?

Accepted Answer

A)  They were successful in that they often made patients more calm. 
B)  They proved to be a success in treating schizophrenia. 
C)  The transorbital lobotomy replaced the prefrontal lobotomies from this time period and is widely used today to treat patients with neuropsychiatric illness. 
D)  Prefrontal lobotomies represent an important neurosurgical tool because of their few side-effects. 
E)  all of the above 
A)  They were successful in that they often made patients more calm. 
B)  They proved to be a success in treating schizophrenia. 
C)  The transorbital lobotomy replaced the prefrontal lobotomies from this time period and is widely used today to treat patients with neuropsychiatric illness. 
D)  Prefrontal lobotomies represent an important neurosurgical tool because of their few side-effects. 
E)  all of the above

Question 15

If a person experiences a stroke that damages the pre-frontal cortex but leaves other brain areas largely intact, what might you reasonably expect to see as a symptom based on the primate experiments described in the text?

Accepted Answer

A)  an inability to recall a sequence of numbers given a minute earlier 
B)  difficulty remembering the location of an object that has been out of sight for several minutes 
C)  deficits in learning to associate sensory stimuli with an event 
D)  difficulty keeping track of multiple things at once 
E)  all of the above could be reasonable predictions. 
A)  an inability to recall a sequence of numbers given a minute earlier 
B)  difficulty remembering the location of an object that has been out of sight for several minutes 
C)  deficits in learning to associate sensory stimuli with an event 
D)  difficulty keeping track of multiple things at once 
E)  all of the above could be reasonable predictions.

Question 16

Which of the following are accurate statements regarding sex-seeking behaviors and cocaine-seeking behaviors in rodents?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rodents learn to associate a particular place with cocaine but not sex. 
B)  Rodents associate olfactory cues with cocaine but not sex. 
C)  Rodents associate a particular location with sex, but primates do not associate locations with sex. 
D)  Lemon scents trigger sexual arousal in sexually inexperienced rodents. 
E)  None of the above are accurate statements. 
A)  Rodents learn to associate a particular place with cocaine but not sex. 
B)  Rodents associate olfactory cues with cocaine but not sex. 
C)  Rodents associate a particular location with sex, but primates do not associate locations with sex. 
D)  Lemon scents trigger sexual arousal in sexually inexperienced rodents. 
E)  None of the above are accurate statements.

Question 17

In section 15.2, a hypothesis is outlined regarding the underlying neural circuits affected by Huntington's Disease. Propose an experiment to test this hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Note that H

Question 18

Compare and contrast Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Describe how each disease impacts the frontostriatal pathway and leads to disruption in selection of behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary. Hungtington's disease

Question 19

Is it possible to understand diseases like Parkinson's disease using mouse model systems? Justify your answer with examples from the text.

Accepted Answer

In some cases, mice make an excellent mo

Question 20

Examine the organization of the prefrontal cortex and its connections with the frontostriatal system as presented in section 15.7. If these principles are correct, you could say that there is functional and anatomical evidence that ________________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior regions of the prefrontal cortex are most associated with the "big picture" goals of an organism. 
B)  the ventral striatum works largely independently from the prefrontal cortex in selecting behavioral goals. 
C)  the striatum is predominately responsible for decisions regarding motor control while the prefrontal cortex tends to be involved in high-level decision making processes. 
D)  Both the prefrontal cortex and the striatum communicate widely with other brain regions, thus they likely operative relatively independently of one another. 
E)  all of the above are accurate statements. 
A)  anterior regions of the prefrontal cortex are most associated with the "big picture" goals of an organism. 
B)  the ventral striatum works largely independently from the prefrontal cortex in selecting behavioral goals. 
C)  the striatum is predominately responsible for decisions regarding motor control while the prefrontal cortex tends to be involved in high-level decision making processes. 
D)  Both the prefrontal cortex and the striatum communicate widely with other brain regions, thus they likely operative relatively independently of one another. 
E)  all of the above are accurate statements.

Analyze Figure 15.24 In the text . Which of the following is NOT true regarding these data?

Consider Figure 15.10. In the text Which statement accurately describes the data in this image?

Analyze Figure 15.14 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding these data?

Which is true of the winner-take-all competition exhibited in striatal neural networks?

Analyze Figure 15.28 In the text . Select the statement below that best describes experimental evidence related to the neurophysiological correlates of working memory. In

Analyze figure 15.17 In the text . Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding these data?

An early case study in the function of the involved a man named Phineas Gage. The damage done to this brain region showed that in part, its function is to .

Consider Figure 15.8. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these images?

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?

Analyze Figure 15.27 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the Stroop test and the data shown?

The frontal cortex contains which of the following division?

Which is an accurate statement regarding the prefrontal lobotomies performed during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s?

If a person experiences a stroke that damages the pre-frontal cortex but leaves other brain areas largely intact, what might you reasonably expect to see as a symptom based on the primate experiments described in the text?

Which of the following are accurate statements regarding sex-seeking behaviors and cocaine-seeking behaviors in rodents?

In section 15.2, a hypothesis is outlined regarding the underlying neural circuits affected by Huntington's Disease. Propose an experiment to test this hypothesis.

Compare and contrast Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Describe how each disease impacts the frontostriatal pathway and leads to disruption in selection of behaviors.

Is it possible to understand diseases like Parkinson's disease using mouse model systems? Justify your answer with examples from the text.

Examine the organization of the prefrontal cortex and its connections with the frontostriatal system as presented in section 15.7. If these principles are correct, you could say that there is functional and anatomical evidence that ________________________.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 15: Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Analyze Figure 15.24 In the text . Which of the following is NOT true regarding these data?

Consider Figure 15.10. In the text Which statement accurately describes the data in this image?

Analyze Figure 15.14 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding these data?

Which is true of the winner-take-all competition exhibited in striatal neural networks?

Analyze Figure 15.28 In the text . Select the statement below that best describes experimental evidence related to the neurophysiological correlates of working memory. In

Analyze figure 15.17 In the text . Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding these data?

An early case study in the function of the ____________________ involved a man named Phineas Gage. The damage done to this brain region showed that in part, its function is to ____________________.

Consider Figure 15.8. In the text Which of the following can you conclude from these images?

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?

Analyze Figure 15.27 In the text . Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the Stroop test and the data shown?

The frontal cortex contains which of the following division?

Which is an accurate statement regarding the prefrontal lobotomies performed during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s?

If a person experiences a stroke that damages the pre-frontal cortex but leaves other brain areas largely intact, what might you reasonably expect to see as a symptom based on the primate experiments described in the text?

Which of the following are accurate statements regarding sex-seeking behaviors and cocaine-seeking behaviors in rodents?

In section 15.2, a hypothesis is outlined regarding the underlying neural circuits affected by Huntington's Disease. Propose an experiment to test this hypothesis.

Compare and contrast Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Describe how each disease impacts the frontostriatal pathway and leads to disruption in selection of behaviors.

Is it possible to understand diseases like Parkinson's disease using mouse model systems? Justify your answer with examples from the text.

Examine the organization of the prefrontal cortex and its connections with the frontostriatal system as presented in section 15.7. If these principles are correct, you could say that there is functional and anatomical evidence that ________________________.

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Controlling Posture and Locomotion

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Being Different From Others

Filters

An early case study in the function of the involved a man named Phineas Gage. The damage done to this brain region showed that in part, its function is to .