Question 1

Why are women who complain of sexual assault said to be subjected to 'secondary victimization'?

Accepted Answer

There is evidence (see for example Katz and Mazur, 1979 and Chambers and Millar, 1983) that women who reported sexual assault to the police often had their character and morality questioned in such a way as to imply some responsibility for their victimization. Similarly, Chambers and Millar (1987) detail a range of tactics used by prosecution lawyers to imply that women complainants were somehow to blame for their victimization or to throw doubt on the credibility of the case.

Question 2

According to Heidensohn (1996) what is the most significant feature of recorded crime?

Accepted Answer

A) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by girls and women 
B) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by older teenagers 
C) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by boys and men 
A) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by girls and women 
B) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by older teenagers 
C) that the bulk of crime appears to be undertaken by boys and men C

Question 3

What is 'the 'chivalry thesis'?

Accepted Answer

It is an idea implying that the criminal justice system tends to take a protective and partriarchal view of female offending.

Question 4

What elements were the focus of the Government's 2004 Women's Offending Reduction Programme (WORP)?

Accepted Answer

A) to increase the number of mother an baby units in prison 
B) drugs treatment 
C) mental health provision 
D) problems of resettlement 
A) to increase the number of mother an baby units in prison 
B) drugs treatment 
C) mental health provision 
D) problems of resettlement

Question 5

In terms of violent, prevalence increases for women:

Accepted Answer

A) If they are single 
B) If in poor health 
C) In lower socio-economic groups 
D) As they get older 
A) If they are single 
B) If in poor health 
C) In lower socio-economic groups 
D) As they get older

Question 6

How does the Home Office define 'domestic violence'?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the Home Office define 'domestic...

Question 7

What is the explanation for the rise in women's offending during the 1970s and 1980s?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the explanation for the rise...

Question 8

What percentage of men commit one or more criminal offence at some point in their lives?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.1 
B) 0.2 
C) 0.5 
A) 0.1 
B) 0.2 
C) 0.5

Question 9

What does it mean to argue that our understanding of crime and our responses to it are highly 'gendered'?

Accepted Answer

A) we think women are more 'criminal' 
B) we appear to take somewhat different approaches to male and female offending 
C) we think men are more prone to temptation 
A) we think women are more 'criminal' 
B) we appear to take somewhat different approaches to male and female offending 
C) we think men are more prone to temptation

Question 10

Women appear to be treated more leniently by the courts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

What does it mean to say that 'Men as males have not been the objects of the criminological gaze'?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does it mean to say that...

Question 12

On arrest a far higher proportion of women are cautioned than of men.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

In the UK women currently represent just over one-fifth of police service strength, but tend to be concentrated in the lower ranks.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Women are at greater risk of becoming the victim of:

Accepted Answer

A) a personal crime 
B) 'stranger' violence 
C) 'domestic' violence 
D) Theft from the person 
A) a personal crime 
B) 'stranger' violence 
C) 'domestic' violence 
D) Theft from the person

Question 15

Even in prisons where mother and baby units are available (MBUs) they will be forcibly separated once the child is 18 months old.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

How is the criminal law said to be used to control women's sexuality?

Accepted Answer

A) The courts operate a 'double standard' with respect to sexual behaviour 
B) The courts 'sexualise' normal female delinquency 
C) 'Wayward' girls can come into care without ever having committed an actual offence 
D) they allow a wider leeway if women are pregnant 
A) The courts operate a 'double standard' with respect to sexual behaviour 
B) The courts 'sexualise' normal female delinquency 
C) 'Wayward' girls can come into care without ever having committed an actual offence 
D) they allow a wider leeway if women are pregnant

Question 17

What percentage of women commit one or more criminal offence at some point in their lives?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.1 
B) 0.2 
C) 0.5 
A) 0.1 
B) 0.2 
C) 0.5

Question 18

Almost three-quarters (71%) of women sent to prison receive sentences of:

Accepted Answer

A) more than one year 
B) less than one year 
C) more than two years 
A) more than one year 
B) less than one year 
C) more than two years

Question 19

Following Home Office Circular 69/1986 and the establishment by the Metropolitan Police of a dedicated Domestic Violence Unit (DVU), the Home Office urged other forces to follow suit. The aim was to:

Accepted Answer

A) offer support to victims 
B) liaise with other agencies 
C) monitor the work of the police 
D) punish violent men 
A) offer support to victims 
B) liaise with other agencies 
C) monitor the work of the police 
D) punish violent men

Question 20

'Attrition' is a serious issue in relation to domestic violence and rape.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 33: Gender, Crime and Justice

Why are women who complain of sexual assault said to be subjected to 'secondary victimization'?

According to Heidensohn (1996) what is the most significant feature of recorded crime?

What is 'the 'chivalry thesis'?

What elements were the focus of the Government's 2004 Women's Offending Reduction Programme (WORP)?

In terms of violent, prevalence increases for women:

How does the Home Office define 'domestic violence'?

What is the explanation for the rise in women's offending during the 1970s and 1980s?

What percentage of men commit one or more criminal offence at some point in their lives?

What does it mean to argue that our understanding of crime and our responses to it are highly 'gendered'?

Women appear to be treated more leniently by the courts.

What does it mean to say that 'Men as males have not been the objects of the criminological gaze'?

On arrest a far higher proportion of women are cautioned than of men.

In the UK women currently represent just over one-fifth of police service strength, but tend to be concentrated in the lower ranks.

Women are at greater risk of becoming the victim of:

Even in prisons where mother and baby units are available (MBUs) they will be forcibly separated once the child is 18 months old.

How is the criminal law said to be used to control women's sexuality?

What percentage of women commit one or more criminal offence at some point in their lives?

Almost three-quarters (71%) of women sent to prison receive sentences of:

Following Home Office Circular 69/1986 and the establishment by the Metropolitan Police of a dedicated Domestic Violence Unit (DVU), the Home Office urged other forces to follow suit. The aim was to:

'Attrition' is a serious issue in relation to domestic violence and rape.

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