Exam 1: Understanding Crime and Criminology

How has centralisation of the criminal justice system said to be manifest?

What is said to have led to the end of the 'bipartisan consensus' on policing, crime and punishment?

'Critical criminologists' argue for a change of focus away from 'crime' towards 'social harm'.

What is meant by 'penal populism' (Pratt, 2007) or 'populist punitiveness' (Bottoms, 1995)?

There are universal values on what constitutes 'rights' on the one hand and 'crimes' on the other.

What is meant by 'criminalisation'?

What are the four major lines of criticism that differentiate definitions of 'crime' from 'social harm'?

Labelling theory distances itself from the view that defining someone as criminal somehow represents some natural order of events.

Crime is socially constructed, politically-influenced and historically variable.

In defining criminology there are arguably three great tributaries that make up the subject:

For much of the second half of the twentieth century British criminology has been dominated by:

What characterises the profound shift in British Criminology over the past 20 years?

What does it mean to say that crime, and the study of crime, occurs within a social and political context?

When did 'criminology' first emerge as an academic discipline in Britain?

Crime is:

There is no direct link between crime rates and types and levels of punishment.

How has globalisation had an impact on the question 'what is crime'?

What period in British history is often referred to as 'the permissive age'?