Question 1

Why is it important to consider the meaning of 'deviant'? (Chpt 12)
.

Accepted Answer

It is important to consider the meaning of 'deviant' because it helps us understand how society defines and responds to behavior that is considered outside the norm. By examining the concept of deviance, we can gain insight into the social and cultural factors that shape our understanding of what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior. This understanding is crucial for addressing issues of social control, inequality, and justice within a society. Additionally, by critically examining the meaning of 'deviant', we can challenge and deconstruct the stigmatization and marginalization of individuals or groups who are labeled as deviant, and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society.

Question 2

According to Hirschi control theories assume that deviance occurs when 'an individual's bond to society is weak or broken' (1969: 16) This was called Premium Bond Theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

Who developed one of the earliest formulations of what has become known as control theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Freud 
B) Reiss 
C) Becker 
D) Newburn 
A) Freud 
B) Reiss 
C) Becker 
D) Newburn B

Question 4

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) 'general theory of crime' claims that the key to understanding deviance and conformity is:

Accepted Answer

A) alcohol abuse 
B) self control 
C) juvenile offending 
D) testosterone 
A) alcohol abuse 
B) self control 
C) juvenile offending 
D) testosterone

Question 5

Reckless's containment theory questioned why, given all the opportunities and pressures toward deviance in the modern world, the primary response remained conformity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

If ineffective child rearing causes low self control, what does Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime suggest instils high levels of self control?

Accepted Answer

A) consistent monitoring of behaviour 
B) allowing children to be 'free spirits' 
C) the punishment of deviation 
D) boarding school 
A) consistent monitoring of behaviour 
B) allowing children to be 'free spirits' 
C) the punishment of deviation 
D) boarding school

Question 7

The central concern of control theory is:

Accepted Answer

A) retribution 
B) deviance 
C) conformity 
D) rehabilitation 
A) retribution 
B) deviance 
C) conformity 
D) rehabilitation

Question 8

Tittle's control-balance theory argued that some forms of crime he describes as involving exploitation, plunder and decadence were more likely to occur when:

Accepted Answer

A) there is a deficit of control 
B) parents have been absent for long periods of time 
C) there is a surplus of control 
D) a legal guardian is absent 
A) there is a deficit of control 
B) parents have been absent for long periods of time 
C) there is a surplus of control 
D) a legal guardian is absent

Question 9

What then are the main lines of criticism aimed at control theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What then are the main lines of...

Question 10

Tittle's control-balance theory draws largely on labelling theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

What are the positive responses to control-balance theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the positive responses to control-balance...

Question 12

Why has control theory become relatively influential recently?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why has control theory become relatively influential...

Question 13

According to control balance theory how is the type of deviance likely to occur related to a deficit or surplus of control?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to control balance theory how is...

Question 14

Tittle's control-balance theory argues that some forms of deviance are more likely when there is 'control deficit'. These include:

Accepted Answer

A) Predation - Theft, rape, homicide, fraud, sexual harassment. 
B) Defiance - Vandalism, political protests, etc. 
C) Decadence - Debauchery, irrational pleasure 
D) Submission - Passive obedience, allowing oneself to be abused, etc 
A) Predation - Theft, rape, homicide, fraud, sexual harassment. 
B) Defiance - Vandalism, political protests, etc. 
C) Decadence - Debauchery, irrational pleasure 
D) Submission - Passive obedience, allowing oneself to be abused, etc

Question 15

What did Charles Title mean by the 'control ratio'?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What did Charles Title mean by the...

Question 16

Charles Tittle's control balance theory argues that:

Accepted Answer

A) consumer society has led to greed 
B) too little control may lead to deviance 
C) too much control may also lead to deviant activity 
D) people are agents as well as objects of social control 
A) consumer society has led to greed 
B) too little control may lead to deviance 
C) too much control may also lead to deviant activity 
D) people are agents as well as objects of social control

Question 17

According to Cohen and Felson, in addition to low self control, what other elements are required for a crime to be committed?

Accepted Answer

A) a motivated offender 
B) a juvenile offender 
C) the absence of a capable guardian 
D) a suitable target 
A) a motivated offender 
B) a juvenile offender 
C) the absence of a capable guardian 
D) a suitable target

Question 18

Variations on control theory include:

Accepted Answer

A) containment theory 
B) neutralisation theory 
C) social bond theory 
D) self-control theory 
E) control-balance theory 
A) containment theory 
B) neutralisation theory 
C) social bond theory 
D) self-control theory 
E) control-balance theory

Question 19

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime explains the role of gangs and the role of spouses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

There is no single control theory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 12: Control Theories

Why is it important to consider the meaning of 'deviant'? (Chpt 12) .

According to Hirschi control theories assume that deviance occurs when 'an individual's bond to society is weak or broken' (1969: 16) This was called Premium Bond Theory.

Who developed one of the earliest formulations of what has become known as control theory?

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) 'general theory of crime' claims that the key to understanding deviance and conformity is:

Reckless's containment theory questioned why, given all the opportunities and pressures toward deviance in the modern world, the primary response remained conformity.

If ineffective child rearing causes low self control, what does Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime suggest instils high levels of self control?

The central concern of control theory is:

Tittle's control-balance theory argued that some forms of crime he describes as involving exploitation, plunder and decadence were more likely to occur when:

What then are the main lines of criticism aimed at control theory?

Tittle's control-balance theory draws largely on labelling theory.

What are the positive responses to control-balance theory?

Why has control theory become relatively influential recently?

According to control balance theory how is the type of deviance likely to occur related to a deficit or surplus of control?

Tittle's control-balance theory argues that some forms of deviance are more likely when there is 'control deficit'. These include:

What did Charles Title mean by the 'control ratio'?

Charles Tittle's control balance theory argues that:

According to Cohen and Felson, in addition to low self control, what other elements are required for a crime to be committed?

Variations on control theory include:

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime explains the role of gangs and the role of spouses.

There is no single control theory.

Understanding Crime and Criminology

Crime and Punishment in History

Crime Data and Crime Trends

Crime and the Media

Classicism and Positivism

Biological Positivism

Psychological Positivism

Durkheim, Anomie and Strain

The Chicago School, Subcultures and Cultural Criminology

Interactionism and Labelling Theory

Radical and Critical Criminology

Realist Criminology

Contemporary Classicism

Feminist Criminology

Late Modernity, Governmentality and Risk

Victims, Victimisation and Victimology

White Collar and Corporate Crime

Organised Crime

Violent and Property Crime

Drugs and Alcohol

Penology and Punishment

Understanding Criminal Justice

Crime Prevention and Community Safety

Policing

Criminal Courts and the Court Process

Sentencing and Non-Custodial Penalties

Prisons and Imprisonment

Youth Crime and Youth Justice

Restorative Justice

Race, Crime and Criminal Justice

Gender, Crime and Justice

Criminal and Forensic Psychology

Green Criminology

Globalisation, Terrorism and Human Rights

Understanding Criminological Research

Doing Criminological Research

Filters