Exam 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Adolescents' increased __________ abilities may lead them to question their parents and other authority figures far more strenuously, and may make adolescents impatient with imperfections in institutions such as schools and the government.

Recent statistics show that the dropout rate for __________ is 82 percent.

What are the six personality types that Holland suggests are important in career choice? Describe the types of occupations that correspond to each type.

Which is an example of an agentic profession?

At times, adolescent egocentrism leads to feelings of stupidity, such as when a student gives a wrong answer to an easy question. This is known as __________.

Explain how socioeconomic status and ethnic and racial differences affect school performance.

Piaget noted that advances in abstract thinking also lead to greater idealism during the adolescent period. What are some examples that you have observed with your child in regard to idealism? Does your child seem impatient with his/her teachers and school? What type of involvement have you noticed in regard to politics and social causes? Perhaps your child feels passionate about the environment and has started to state his/her thoughts on the issue in a very strong manner. Do you think this is a positive development? Why or why not?

Middle- and high-SES (socioeconomic status) students, on average, earn __________ grades, score __________ on standardized tests of achievement, and complete more years of schooling than students from lower-SES homes.

What are the consequences of adolescents' use of formal operations?

Kennedy and Emma are playing a board game. At one point, Emma declares that she wants to play a new game. Although Kennedy does not want to switch games, she agrees to play the new game with Emma. Kennedy is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

Provide an overview of Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development.

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage, adolescents employ __________, which is reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples.

A person who would not steal something out of fear of going to jail, even if it meant saving someone else's life, is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

Misha is the son of Persian immigrants who decides to become an American citizen. Anthropologist John Ogbu would argue that Misha is more likely to be __________ in school than someone who was brought into a new culture against his or her will.

Rachel and Svetlana are playing tag on the school playground. After about 10 minutes, Rachel decides to play on the jungle gym, even though Svetlana begs her to keep playing tag. Rachel is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

According to Piaget, it is not until adolescents are around __________ years old that they are fully settled in the formal operational stage.

Most studies show that only __________ to __________ percent of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking completely.

Brian is a sophomore and works all of the hours his employer will let him. He is the first person in when called take an extra shift. At home there are many stressors, including a houseful of siblings and parents who are overworked and struggling to make ends meet. Brian may be experiencing __________.

A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view is called __________.

According to developmental psychologist Giesela Labouvie-Vief, the complexity of society requires thought that is not necessarily based on pure logic but is instead a kind of thinking that is flexible, allows for interpretive processes, and reflects the fact that reasons behind events in the real world are subtle. Labouvie-Vief calls this __________ thinking.