Exam 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Jackson, a first-grade student, is learning to read. He can sound out words by blending letters together. Which stage of reading is Jackson in?

__________ memory is the term for the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.

Cross-cultural research has revealed that children in non-Western cultures __________.

Mr. Bednorz was told by his principal that Joel was an exceptional student, when in fact Joel had average ability. As a result, Mr. Bednorz gave Joel challenging assignments, gave more specific feedback, and in general assumed that Joel would do well in his class. Consequently, Joel performed above his ability level. This is an example of __________ effect.

Angelica is a gifted second grader. Her school meets her individual learning needs by providing her with opportunities to study various topics at a greater depth while still being with her peer group. This approach to educating gifted children is known as __________.

LaToya, a first grader, is learning to read. In class her teacher points to the letter c on a visual chart and makes the sound of "c." She then points to the letter a and makes its sound. Last, she points to the letter t and makes its sound. As a class, students all say the sounds in the sequence "C," "A," "T," and the students shout that the letters spell "cat." This method of reading instruction is known as the __________ approach.

Psychologist Robert Sternberg, who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence, suggests that intelligence is best thought of in terms of __________.

Leo scored a 105 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Based on this score, we can predict that Leo is __________.

According to Piaget, during the concrete operational stage, children apply __________ thinking to __________ concepts.

Miss Hausler is teaching her first graders to read. She believes that reading should be meaningful from the very beginning of reading instruction, so she teaches her students not to try to sound out every word but to look for cues in the text, pictures, and story language for ideas about unknown words as they work their way through an entire piece of text. This method of reading instruction is known as the __________ approach.

Anita, who is in third grade, is reading aloud with fluency. However, it is difficult for her to process the meaning of the words. Which stage of reading is Anita in?

Explain how Lev Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development influences classroom instruction.

A __________ school is an independently run public school that families voluntarily choose for their children.

Which of the following educational innovations came about because of Vygotsky's work?

According to Piaget, the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account occurs when children are __________.

Read over the information on memory in your text. How has your child's memory improved during this period of middle childhood? Have you observed instances of your child using the keyword strategy and rehearsal to assist with memory? Describe these. Have you noticed, as your child gets older, these strategies are being used more often and are more effective? Explain.

A preschool child who can identify the letters in the alphabet and read some very familiar words is in which stage of reading?

According to __________, the fact that school-age children can move from simple addition and subtraction to fractions and decimals demonstrates the belief that cognitive development is the process of becoming more sophisticated in handling information.

A person's expectation being capable of bringing about an outcome is known as a __________.

Education that has as a goal that students from minority cultures will develop competence in the majority culture while maintaining a positive ethnic identity is known as __________.