Exam 6: Experimentation and Causal Research

Which experimental design means that two groups of test units were randomly assigned to two different treatment groups at the same time, and the dependent variable was measured in the two groups simultaneously?

A design in which a single group of subjects is exposed to a treatment (X), and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken (O1)is called a(n)________.

Randomization is the preferred method for controlling extraneous variables.

Variables that measure the effect of the independent variables on the test units are called ________.

Designs that do not control for extraneous factors by randomization are called true experimental design.

Internal validity refers to whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment remain the same when replicated in a larger population.

Individuals, organizations, or other entities whose responses to independent variables or treatments being studied are called ________.

Variables, other than the independent variables, that influence the response of the test units are called extraneous variables.

________ refers to whether the manipulation of the independent variables or treatments actually caused the observed effects on the dependent variables.

Field experiments feature which of the following?

Variables that measure the effect of the independent variables on the test units are called dependent variables.

A preexperimental design in which a single group of test units is exposed to a treatment X, and then a single measurement on the dependent variable is taken, is called the one-shot case study.

A random sample of respondents would be distributed randomly, half to the experimental group and half to the control group.A pretest questionnaire would be administered to the respondents in both groups to obtain a measurement on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity; only the respondents in the experimental group would be exposed to the TV program containing the Pepsi commercial.Then, a questionnaire would be administered to respondents in both groups to obtain posttest measures on attitudes toward Pepsi advertising, brand, and celebrity.Which of the following experimental designs best represents the above scenario?

True experimental designs include the pretest-posttest control group design and the posttest-only control group design.

Extraneous variables represent alternative explanations of experimental results.

A field environment is an artificial setting for experimentation in which the researcher constructs the desired conditions.

Causality refers to when the occurrence of X causes the occurrence of Y.

Preexperimental designs are distinguished by the fact that the researcher can randomly assign test units to experimental groups and also randomly assign treatments to experimental groups.

________ is the extent to which a cause, X, and an effect, Y, occur together or vary together in the way predicted by the hypothesis under consideration.

An experimental design in which there is randomization and the experimental group is exposed to the treatment but the control group is not and no pretest measure is taken is called the posttest-only control group design.