Exam 6: Memory Processes

What is the nature of encoding specificity?

How do we transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

Proactive interference occurs when the interfering material occurs __________ rather than __________ learning of the to-be-remembered material.

Roediger and McDermott have shown that

Develop some mnemonics for the material for this section of the course (e.g. ,a mnemonic to remember the seven sins of memory).

Short-term memory is usually encoded __________ and long-term memory is usually encoded __________.

In R.Conrad's (1964)landmark experiment on encoding in short-term memory,Conrad found that despite the fact that letters were presented __________ to participants,errors tended to be based on __________ confusability.

Imagine a world in which people best remembered items in the middle of a list,rather than those at the beginning or end.Could proactive and/or retroactive interference explain such a pattern of forgetting? Why or why not?

Information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily

Stephanie has been studying for two exams scheduled on the same day,one for her Spanish class and the other for French.While taking the Spanish exam,she remembers more French than Spanish.Stephanie is most likely to be experiencing

After being given directions to get to the park,Galvin can remember only the last part of where he is to turn.This illustrates the __________ effect.

The greater recall associated with distributed learning is called the __________ effect.

Compare and contrast the two concepts-flashbulb memories and encoding specificity.

Participants in a study using multiple trial learning and lists containing several different categories (e.g. ,animals,minerals)will spontaneously cluster their recall of items by these categories.Even when there appears to be no apparent relation (e.g. ,categories),participants still cluster items during recall.These consistent patterns in the order of recall are called

The difficulty in recalling information that one knows they should know.This is called

The hippocampus shows increased activation during sleep after one has learned new declarative information.This increased activation is correlated with extremely ____ levels of acetylcholine.If patients are given acetylcholine while sleeping,they demonstrate _______ memory for the new information.

Results from many studies suggest that the forgetting of information from short-term memory can largely be accounted for by

__________ occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget.

__________ theory asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance of the memory trace.

What is the recency effect?