Question 1

Assess the merits of each action potential analogy;select the representation that corresponds most accurately.

Accepted Answer

A) An action potential happens like a ripple in a pond;a ripple spreads out and gets slightly weaker as it travels. 
B) An action potential happens like a row of dominoes falling;the signal has constant velocity and constant strength no matter how long the row of dominoes may be. 
C) An action potential happens like a crowd doing the wave in a football stadium;the enthusiasm and volume increase as more people get involved. 
A) An action potential happens like a ripple in a pond;a ripple spreads out and gets slightly weaker as it travels. 
B) An action potential happens like a row of dominoes falling;the signal has constant velocity and constant strength no matter how long the row of dominoes may be. 
C) An action potential happens like a crowd doing the wave in a football stadium;the enthusiasm and volume increase as more people get involved.

Question 2

After an action potential is triggered,the rapid increase in membrane potential can be attributed to

Accepted Answer

A) the direction reversal of the sodium/potassium pump. 
B) the closing of sodium leak channels. 
C) the opening of the activation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
D) the closing of potassium leak channels. 
E) the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels. 
A) the direction reversal of the sodium/potassium pump. 
B) the closing of sodium leak channels. 
C) the opening of the activation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels. 
D) the closing of potassium leak channels. 
E) the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channels.

Question 3

The class of neurotransmitters that most commonly acts as a modulator of postsynaptic cell response are the

Accepted Answer

A) biogenic amines. 
B) amino acids. 
C) acetylcholine. 
D) neuropeptides. 
E) gases such as nitric oxidE. 
A) biogenic amines. 
B) amino acids. 
C) acetylcholine. 
D) neuropeptides. 
E) gases such as nitric oxidE.

Question 4

Interneurons are responsible for the distribution of sensory information and the coordination of motor activity.They are also involved with all higher functions,such as memory,planning,and learning.The more complex the response to a given stimulus,the greater the number of interneurons involved.Knowing this,what can you predict about the ratio of interneurons to sensory and motor neurons in the nervous system of higher animals?

Accepted Answer

A) There must be equal numbers of sensory neurons,motor neurons and interneurons. 
B) Since interneurons connect the other two types,it is necessary to have only half as many interneurons as motor and sensory neurons. 
C) Interneurons likely outnumber all other types of neurons combined. 
D) None of these choices are correct. 
A) There must be equal numbers of sensory neurons,motor neurons and interneurons. 
B) Since interneurons connect the other two types,it is necessary to have only half as many interneurons as motor and sensory neurons. 
C) Interneurons likely outnumber all other types of neurons combined. 
D) None of these choices are correct.

Question 5

Most of the cells in your brain are neurons.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Electrical synapses transmit signals through the use of "messengers" called neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In a reflex arc,the correct sequence of cell types through which an electrical signal would pass would be

Accepted Answer

A) motor neuron$\rarr$ sensory neuron $\rarr$ interneuron in the PNS 
B) sensory neuron $\rarr$  motor neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the CNS 
C) motor neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the PNS $\rarr$ sensory neuron 
D) sensory neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the CNS $\rarr$ motor neuron 
A) motor neuron$\rarr$ sensory neuron $\rarr$ interneuron in the PNS 
B) sensory neuron $\rarr$  motor neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the CNS 
C) motor neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the PNS $\rarr$ sensory neuron 
D) sensory neuron $\rarr$  interneuron in the CNS $\rarr$ motor neuron

Question 8

The central nervous system of vertebrate animals consists of

Accepted Answer

A) the brain. 
B) the spinal cord. 
C) all nerves in the body. 
D) nerves originating at sensory receptors. 
E) the brain and spinal cord. 
A) the brain. 
B) the spinal cord. 
C) all nerves in the body. 
D) nerves originating at sensory receptors. 
E) the brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

The somatic nervous system primarily regulates involuntary responses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the

Accepted Answer

A) central nervous system. 
B) autonomic nervous system. 
C) somatic nervous system. 
D) learning and memory system. 
E) limbic system in the brain mediating emotion. 
A) central nervous system. 
B) autonomic nervous system. 
C) somatic nervous system. 
D) learning and memory system. 
E) limbic system in the brain mediating emotion.

Question 11

Ionotropic receptors act by activating G proteins in target cells.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In mammals,the brain region that has become especially important as a "relay center" for information passing from sensory structures to the cerebrum is the

Accepted Answer

A) pons. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) hypothalamus. 
D) thalamus. 
E) hippocampus. 
A) pons. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) hypothalamus. 
D) thalamus. 
E) hippocampus.

Question 13

If you touch a hot stove and burn your hand,the pain isn't actually in your hand-it's in your head.What evidence can you provide to substantiate this claim?

Accepted Answer

A) Interneurons form connections directly from the burned receptor molecules to the brain. 
B) Motor neurons pull your hand away from the flame,signaling pain to the brain. 
C) Sensory neurons and interneurons carry the heat sensation to the brain where it is interpreted as painful. 
D) A reflex arc allows the quick response between the hand and the brain;no interpretation occurs. 
A) Interneurons form connections directly from the burned receptor molecules to the brain. 
B) Motor neurons pull your hand away from the flame,signaling pain to the brain. 
C) Sensory neurons and interneurons carry the heat sensation to the brain where it is interpreted as painful. 
D) A reflex arc allows the quick response between the hand and the brain;no interpretation occurs.

Question 14

You've just had a near miss in your car.Your pulse is racing and you notice your pupils are wide open when you look in your rearview mirror.What part of your autonomic nervous system is activated?

Accepted Answer

A) peripheral 
B) sympathetic 
C) parasympathetic 
D) myelencephalon 
E) neocortex 
A) peripheral 
B) sympathetic 
C) parasympathetic 
D) myelencephalon 
E) neocortex

Question 15

The ion that increases its intracellular concentration in order to trigger the release of neurotransmitters is _____.

Accepted Answer

A) Ca2+ 
B) Mg2+ 
C) HCO3- 
D) K+ 
E) Cl- 
A) Ca2+ 
B) Mg2+ 
C) HCO3- 
D) K+ 
E) Cl-

Question 16

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The region of the human brain that is critically important for controlling heart rate and breathing is the

Accepted Answer

A) medulla oblongatA. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) thalamus. 
D) hippocampus. 
E) cerebral cortex. 
A) medulla oblongatA. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) thalamus. 
D) hippocampus. 
E) cerebral cortex.

Question 18

Categorize each example as involving a ligand-gated ion channel or a voltage-gated ion channel.

Accepted Answer

voltage-gated ion channel Na+ ions chang

Question 19

If the regulation of hunger and thirst mechanisms goes haywire,the brain region that is most likely damaged is the

Accepted Answer

A) cerebrum. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) thalamus. 
D) hypothalamus. 
E) medulla oblongata. 
A) cerebrum. 
B) cerebellum. 
C) thalamus. 
D) hypothalamus. 
E) medulla oblongata.

Question 20

The synaptic cleft is most accurately described as

Accepted Answer

A) a deep furrow in a postsynaptic cell where signals are received. 
B) specialized channels in the presynaptic membrane that allow the passage of ions. 
C) the narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at the synapse. 
D) recesses in the postsynaptic neuron membrane where neurotransmitters binD. 
E) the area of neuronal membrane between the dendrites and the axon hillock. 
A) a deep furrow in a postsynaptic cell where signals are received. 
B) specialized channels in the presynaptic membrane that allow the passage of ions. 
C) the narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at the synapse. 
D) recesses in the postsynaptic neuron membrane where neurotransmitters binD. 
E) the area of neuronal membrane between the dendrites and the axon hillock.

Exam 32: Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Assess the merits of each action potential analogy;select the representation that corresponds most accurately.

After an action potential is triggered,the rapid increase in membrane potential can be attributed to

The class of neurotransmitters that most commonly acts as a modulator of postsynaptic cell response are the

Most of the cells in your brain are neurons.

Electrical synapses transmit signals through the use of "messengers" called neurotransmitters.

In a reflex arc,the correct sequence of cell types through which an electrical signal would pass would be

The central nervous system of vertebrate animals consists of

The somatic nervous system primarily regulates involuntary responses.

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the

Ionotropic receptors act by activating G proteins in target cells.

In mammals,the brain region that has become especially important as a "relay center" for information passing from sensory structures to the cerebrum is the

If you touch a hot stove and burn your hand,the pain isn't actually in your hand-it's in your head.What evidence can you provide to substantiate this claim?

You've just had a near miss in your car.Your pulse is racing and you notice your pupils are wide open when you look in your rearview mirror.What part of your autonomic nervous system is activated?

The ion that increases its intracellular concentration in order to trigger the release of neurotransmitters is _____.

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates.

The region of the human brain that is critically important for controlling heart rate and breathing is the

Categorize each example as involving a ligand-gated ion channel or a voltage-gated ion channel.

If the regulation of hunger and thirst mechanisms goes haywire,the brain region that is most likely damaged is the

The synaptic cleft is most accurately described as

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

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Genetic Technology

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Origin and History of Life

An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

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Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

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Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

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Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

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Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

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