Question 1

Microevolution involves

Accepted Answer

A) changes to the number of individuals in a population. 
B) changes in a population's gene pool. 
C) a change in the ratio of males to females in a population. 
D) the fixation of an allele over a long period of time. 
A) changes to the number of individuals in a population. 
B) changes in a population's gene pool. 
C) a change in the ratio of males to females in a population. 
D) the fixation of an allele over a long period of time.

Question 2

Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the

Accepted Answer

A) sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species. 
B) elemental makeup of different species. 
C) positions of genes on the chromosomes of different species. 
D) vestigial structures of different species. 
E) protein structure during development. 
A) sequences of amino acids of various proteins in different species. 
B) elemental makeup of different species. 
C) positions of genes on the chromosomes of different species. 
D) vestigial structures of different species. 
E) protein structure during development.

Question 3

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q =_______,where p and q represent _________.

Accepted Answer

A) 0,allele frequencies 
B) 1,genotype frequencies 
C) 2,allele frequencies 
D) 2,genotype frequencies 
E) 1,allele frequencies 
A) 0,allele frequencies 
B) 1,genotype frequencies 
C) 2,allele frequencies 
D) 2,genotype frequencies 
E) 1,allele frequencies

Question 4

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of CR is 0.4 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Assume that CR CR is red,CRCW is pink,and CwCw is white.

Accepted Answer

A) 0.04 or 4% 
B) 0.16 or 16% 
C) 0.2 or 20% 
D) 0.8 or 80% 
E) 0.48 or 48% 
A) 0.04 or 4% 
B) 0.16 or 16% 
C) 0.2 or 20% 
D) 0.8 or 80% 
E) 0.48 or 48%

Question 5

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid,glycine.A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication.Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG.What effect does this mutation have on the population's mean fitness?

Accepted Answer

A) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will remain the same. 
B) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will initially increase,but once GGC and GGG occur with equal frequency,the mean fitness will decrease. 
C) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will decrease. 
D) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will increase. 
A) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will remain the same. 
B) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will initially increase,but once GGC and GGG occur with equal frequency,the mean fitness will decrease. 
C) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will decrease. 
D) As the frequency of the GGC codon increases,the population's mean fitness level will increase.

Question 6

Scientists have found that the IGF1 gene,which encodes a growth hormone,has one allele (IGF1-A)that is commonly found in small dogs,but is nearly absent from dogs that are very large.Based on this finding,what can you conclude about the relationship between IGF1-A and body size in dogs?

Accepted Answer

A) Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-
A) tend to grow larger than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-
A) . 
B) Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to grow larger than a dog without IGF1-A. 
C) Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to be smaller than a dog without IGF1-A. 
D) Small dogs have more growth hormone released during fetal development,but none released after the birthing process. 
E) Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-
A) tend to be smaller than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-
A) . 
A) Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-
A) tend to grow larger than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-
A) . 
B) Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to grow larger than a dog without IGF1-A. 
C) Body size in dogs depends on whether or not the IGF1-A allele is present.A dog with IGF1-A will tend to be smaller than a dog without IGF1-A. 
D) Small dogs have more growth hormone released during fetal development,but none released after the birthing process. 
E) Body size in dogs depends upon whether a dog is homo- or heterozygous for IGF1-A.Dogs that are homozygous (two copies of IGF1-
A) tend to be smaller than dogs that are heterozygous (only one copy of IGF1-
A) .

Question 7

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs in the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems,short-lived leaves,and spines,yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages.The similar morphology of the two groups of plants is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) a developmental homology. 
B) directional selection. 
C) an anatomical homology. 
D) convergent evolution. 
E) stabilizing selection. 
A) a developmental homology. 
B) directional selection. 
C) an anatomical homology. 
D) convergent evolution. 
E) stabilizing selection.

Question 8

While hiking in Central Florida,you are lucky enough to see many swallowtail tiger butterflies.You observe that there are two types,or morphs,of the butterflies - a yellow morph and a black morph.What is a likely explanation for this?

Accepted Answer

A) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone artificial selection. 
B) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone gene inversion for the gene that determines color. 
C) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has more than one allele for the gene that determines color. 
D) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has a single allele for the gene that determines color. 
A) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone artificial selection. 
B) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has undergone gene inversion for the gene that determines color. 
C) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has more than one allele for the gene that determines color. 
D) The swallowtail tiger butterfly has a single allele for the gene that determines color.

Question 9

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene is a _______.An example of this phenomenon occurs with __________.

Accepted Answer

A) gene deletion;chromosomal fragmentation. 
B) single-nucleotide polymorphism;the b-globin gene. 
C) gene duplication;mitosis. 
D) codon substitution;phenylketonuria. 
A) gene deletion;chromosomal fragmentation. 
B) single-nucleotide polymorphism;the b-globin gene. 
C) gene duplication;mitosis. 
D) codon substitution;phenylketonuria.

Question 10

English ivy (Hedera helix)and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)are not closely related,yet both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees.What type of evolution is this?

Accepted Answer

A) Analogous. 
B) Convergent. 
C) Homologous. 
D) Diversifying. 
E) Directional. 
A) Analogous. 
B) Convergent. 
C) Homologous. 
D) Diversifying. 
E) Directional.

Question 11

What scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A) a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. 
B) a plant loses its leaves in a drought. 
C) a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available. 
D) a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump. 
E) a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log. 
A) a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. 
B) a plant loses its leaves in a drought. 
C) a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available. 
D) a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump. 
E) a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log.

Question 12

Evolution,viewed on a small scale,as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time,is called

Accepted Answer

A) genetic drift. 
B) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
C) genetic evolution. 
D) phenotypic evolution. 
E) microevolution. 
A) genetic drift. 
B) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
C) genetic evolution. 
D) phenotypic evolution. 
E) microevolution.

Question 13

What are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution?

Accepted Answer

A) new genetic variation and genetic mutations 
B) genetic mutations and evolutionary mechanisms 
C) new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms 
D) evolutionary mechanisms and migration 
E) nonrandom mating and new genetic variation 
A) new genetic variation and genetic mutations 
B) genetic mutations and evolutionary mechanisms 
C) new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms 
D) evolutionary mechanisms and migration 
E) nonrandom mating and new genetic variation

Question 14

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was that

Accepted Answer

A) animals tended toward "human perfection." 
B) only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce. 
C) the population size of humans only has the potential to increase linearly. 
D) only catastrophic events have shaped the Earth's geology. 
A) animals tended toward "human perfection." 
B) only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce. 
C) the population size of humans only has the potential to increase linearly. 
D) only catastrophic events have shaped the Earth's geology.

Question 15

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid,glycine.A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication.Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG.What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

A) directional selection 
B) bottleneck effect 
C) stabilizing selection 
D) adaptive variation 
E) neutral variation 
A) directional selection 
B) bottleneck effect 
C) stabilizing selection 
D) adaptive variation 
E) neutral variation

Question 16

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called

Accepted Answer

A) homology. 
B) analogy. 
C) speciation. 
D) convergence. 
E) selection. 
A) homology. 
B) analogy. 
C) speciation. 
D) convergence. 
E) selection.

Question 17

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"?

Accepted Answer

A) It has all of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. 
B) It has some of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. 
C) It has all of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants. 
D) It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants. 
A) It has all of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. 
B) It has some of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants. 
C) It has all of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants. 
D) It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

Question 18

A population of voles (small mammals)lives in a shady forest.Originally,the voles are a light tan color,but then a dark brown coloration arises by a new mutation.The darker voles are harder for predators to see in the leaf litter,thus they are less susceptible to predation.After 10 generations,the majority of voles in the population are the dark brown color.In the figure below,the solid red line represents the number of light colored individuals before the mutation and the black dashed line represents the number of dark brown individuals after 10 generations.What type of natural selection is the population of voles experiencing?

Accepted Answer

A) Directional selection 
B) Stabilizing selection 
C) Diversifying selection 
D) Balancing selection 
E) Negative frequency-dependent selection 
A) Directional selection 
B) Stabilizing selection 
C) Diversifying selection 
D) Balancing selection 
E) Negative frequency-dependent selection

Question 19

Over generations in a population,individuals with higher fitness values will

Accepted Answer

A) become less prevalent in the population. 
B) become more prevalent in the population. 
C) stay at the same frequency in the population. 
D) decrease the population's mean fitness. 
A) become less prevalent in the population. 
B) become more prevalent in the population. 
C) stay at the same frequency in the population. 
D) decrease the population's mean fitness.

Question 20

Blue flower color (B allele)is dominant to white (b allele).If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb)at a frequency of 0.04,what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.96 or 96% 
B) 0.2 or 20% 
C) 0.32 or 32% 
D) 0.64 or 64% 
E) 0.8 or 80% 
A) 0.96 or 96% 
B) 0.2 or 20% 
C) 0.32 or 32% 
D) 0.64 or 64% 
E) 0.8 or 80%

Exam 19: An Introduction to Evolution and Population Genetics

Microevolution involves

Molecular homology can be compared by analyzing the

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q =_______,where p and q represent _________.

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of CR is 0.4 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Assume that CR CR is red,CRCW is pink,and CwCw is white.

Scientists have found that the IGF1 gene,which encodes a growth hormone,has one allele (IGF1-A)that is commonly found in small dogs,but is nearly absent from dogs that are very large.Based on this finding,what can you conclude about the relationship between IGF1-A and body size in dogs?

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs in the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems,short-lived leaves,and spines,yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages.The similar morphology of the two groups of plants is an example of:

While hiking in Central Florida,you are lucky enough to see many swallowtail tiger butterflies.You observe that there are two types,or morphs,of the butterflies - a yellow morph and a black morph.What is a likely explanation for this?

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene is a _______.An example of this phenomenon occurs with __________.

English ivy (Hedera helix)and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)are not closely related,yet both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees.What type of evolution is this?

What scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection?

Evolution,viewed on a small scale,as it relates to changes in a single gene or allele frequency in a population over time,is called

What are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution?

An important message from the work of Thomas Malthus that influenced Charles Darwin was that

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid,glycine.A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication.Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG.What is this phenomenon called?

Fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor is called

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"?

Over generations in a population,individuals with higher fitness values will

Blue flower color (B allele)is dominant to white (b allele).If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb)at a frequency of 0.04,what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype?

An Introduction to Biology

The Chemical Basis of Life I: Atoms, Molecules, and Water

The Chemical Basis of Life II: Organic Molecules

General Features of Cells

Membrane Structure, Transport, and Cell Junctions

Energy, Enzymes, and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Nucleic Acid Structure, DNA Replication, and Chromosome Structure

Gene Expression at the Molecular Level

Gene Regulation

Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria

Genetic Technology

Genomes, Repetitive Sequences, and Bioinformatics

Origin and History of Life

Origin of Species and Macroevolution

Taxonomy and Systematics

Microorganisms: The Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity: Invertebrates

Animal Diversity: Vertebrates

An Introduction to Flowering Plant Form and Function

Flowering Plants: Plant Behavior

Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport

Flowering Plants: Reproduction

Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Neuroscience I: Structure, Function, and Evolution of Nervous Systems

Neuroscience II: Sensory Systems

Muscular-Skeletal Systems

Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Circulatory Systems

Respiratory Systems

Excretory Systems and the Homeostasis of Internal Fluids

Endocrine Systems

Animal Reproduction and Development

Immune Systems

Animal Behavior

Ecology and the Physical Environment

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystem Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,p + q =_,where p and q represent ___.

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of C^R is 0.4 and the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Assume that C^R C^R is red,C^RC^W is pink,and C^wC^w is white.

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene is a _.An example of this phenomenon occurs with ____.