Exam 6: Learning

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is:

Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice cream truck's familiar song in the distance.One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters.Ken's behavior illustrates ____________.

A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti.The scolding stops when he picks up his fork.This is an example of _______ reinforcement.

A television advertisement for beer shows young people at the beach drinking and having fun.Based on classical conditioning principles,the advertisers are hoping you will buy the beer because the commercial elicits

In a demonstration of observational learning,rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:

Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______.

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter,her heart raced.Old Spice After Shave was the:

Stimulus discrimination:

Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer.

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park.One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years,and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park.Even though the paths are complicated and twisted,you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin.Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:

Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down.Nicky's behavior is an example of _______________.

The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as _________________.

Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?

A key to social learning theory is ____________ .

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving ________________.

The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Albert B.(or "Little Albert")provide a possible explanation for the development of _____________.

Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?

When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself,______ will occur.