Question 1

Why is an enzyme treatment used in antibody identification?

Accepted Answer

A)  Enzymes aid in the dissociation of antibody from antigen in a positive DAT. 
B)  Enzymes aid in the separation and identification of multiple antibodies. 
C)  Enzymes aid in the absorption of autoantibody from patient serum. 
D)  Enzymes aid in the separation and identification of multiple antibodies and the absorption of autoantibody from patient serum. 
A)  Enzymes aid in the dissociation of antibody from antigen in a positive DAT. 
B)  Enzymes aid in the separation and identification of multiple antibodies. 
C)  Enzymes aid in the absorption of autoantibody from patient serum. 
D)  Enzymes aid in the separation and identification of multiple antibodies and the absorption of autoantibody from patient serum.

Question 2

Which of the following is a mechanism of an elution procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Disruption of structural complementarity of antigen and antibody 
B)  Enhancement of structural complementarity of antigen and antibody 
C)  Exchange of one immunoglobulin class for another 
D)  Denaturation of membrane epitopes by chemical means 
A)  Disruption of structural complementarity of antigen and antibody 
B)  Enhancement of structural complementarity of antigen and antibody 
C)  Exchange of one immunoglobulin class for another 
D)  Denaturation of membrane epitopes by chemical means

Question 3

Why is rouleaux not usually found in the AHG phase of antibody screens?

Accepted Answer

A)  High protein molecules are not reactive at 37°C. 
B)  Patient cells are washed away before adding AHG. 
C)  Patient serum is washed away before adding AHG. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  High protein molecules are not reactive at 37°C. 
B)  Patient cells are washed away before adding AHG. 
C)  Patient serum is washed away before adding AHG. 
D)  None of the above

Question 4

What might a positive antibody screen and a negative auto control indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  An alloantibody is coating donor cells after a transfusion 
B)  An autoantibody has been detected 
C)  An alloantibody has been detected 
D)  Drug-induced antibody reacting with patient cells 
A)  An alloantibody is coating donor cells after a transfusion 
B)  An autoantibody has been detected 
C)  An alloantibody has been detected 
D)  Drug-induced antibody reacting with patient cells

Question 5

In interpreting an antibody screen, which of the following questions might be asked to decipher the class of antibody?

Accepted Answer

A)  Is the autologous control positive or negative? 
B)  Is hemolysis present? 
C)  In what phase did the reaction occur? 
D)  Is rouleaux present? 
A)  Is the autologous control positive or negative? 
B)  Is hemolysis present? 
C)  In what phase did the reaction occur? 
D)  Is rouleaux present?

Question 6

All of the following antigens are found on reagent screening cells except:

Accepted Answer

A)  D. 
B)  Jsa. 
C)  C. 
D)  Fyb. 
A)  D. 
B)  Jsa. 
C)  C. 
D)  Fyb.

Question 7

Routine pre-transfusion testing consists of all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  ABO typing. 
B)  Rh typing. 
C)  an antibody screen. 
D)  a DAT. 
A)  ABO typing. 
B)  Rh typing. 
C)  an antibody screen. 
D)  a DAT.

Question 8

What is an antigen profile sheet?

Accepted Answer

A)  An insert listing the antibodies present in each vial of screening cells 
B)  An insert listing the antigenic makeup of each vial of screening cells 
C)  A statistical comparison of 200 blood banks' results of antigenic reactions with various antisera 
D)  An insert listing the antigenic makeup of check cells 
A)  An insert listing the antibodies present in each vial of screening cells 
B)  An insert listing the antigenic makeup of each vial of screening cells 
C)  A statistical comparison of 200 blood banks' results of antigenic reactions with various antisera 
D)  An insert listing the antigenic makeup of check cells

Question 9

What is a possible explanation for a nonreactive eluate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) 
B)  Positive DAT due to drugs 
C)  A warm autoantibody 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) 
B)  Positive DAT due to drugs 
C)  A warm autoantibody 
D)  All of the above

Question 10

What is the purpose of treating serum containing cold autoantibodies with dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)?

Accepted Answer

A)  To denature IgG alloantibody and test serum for presence of IgM autoantibody 
B)  To denature IgM cold autoantibody and test serum for presence of IgM alloantibody 
C)  To denature IgM cold autoantibody and test serum for presence of IgG alloantibody 
D)  To denature IgM drug-induced antibody and test serum for presence of IgG alloantibody 
A)  To denature IgG alloantibody and test serum for presence of IgM autoantibody 
B)  To denature IgM cold autoantibody and test serum for presence of IgM alloantibody 
C)  To denature IgM cold autoantibody and test serum for presence of IgG alloantibody 
D)  To denature IgM drug-induced antibody and test serum for presence of IgG alloantibody

Question 11

What makes up an autologous control?

Accepted Answer

A)  Patient serum and patient cells 
B)  Patient serum and screening cells 
C)  Patient cells and Rh control 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Patient serum and patient cells 
B)  Patient serum and screening cells 
C)  Patient cells and Rh control 
D)  None of the above

Question 12

What determines if a red blood cell antibody is clinically significant?

Accepted Answer

A)  Class of antibody (IgG or IgM) 
B)  Shortened red blood cell survival 
C)  Shortened white blood cell survival 
D)  Shortened platelet survival 
A)  Class of antibody (IgG or IgM) 
B)  Shortened red blood cell survival 
C)  Shortened white blood cell survival 
D)  Shortened platelet survival

Question 13

Why are antibodies to high-frequency antigens, such as cellano (k), rarely seen in patient samples?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most persons are not antigenically stimulated to produce the antibody, because their red blood cells are negative for the antigen. 
B)  Most persons are not antigenically stimulated to produce the antibody, because their red blood cells are positive for the antigen. 
C)  Anti-k has low avidity. 
D)  Most reagent cells are heterozygous for cellano. 
A)  Most persons are not antigenically stimulated to produce the antibody, because their red blood cells are negative for the antigen. 
B)  Most persons are not antigenically stimulated to produce the antibody, because their red blood cells are positive for the antigen. 
C)  Anti-k has low avidity. 
D)  Most reagent cells are heterozygous for cellano.

Question 14

During an antibody ID, there was 1+ reaction at AHG with donor cells with the antigen profile Fya(+), Fyb(-). All other donor cells on the panel were negative, including those that were Fya(+), Fyb(+). Given these results, what might be the conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Single antibody (showing dosage) 
B)  Probably an antibody not represented on the antigen profile 
C)  An antibody to a high-frequency antigen 
D)  IgM antibody 
A)  Single antibody (showing dosage) 
B)  Probably an antibody not represented on the antigen profile 
C)  An antibody to a high-frequency antigen 
D)  IgM antibody

Question 15

If you suspect anti-C is present in a patient's serum, and anti-Fya still has to be ruled out using other reagent cells, what would the phenotype of the rule out cell have to be?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fy(a+), C-, Fy(b+) 
B)  Fy(a+), C-, Fy(b-) 
C)  Fy(a+), C+, Fy(b-) 
D)  Fy(a+), C+, Fy(b+) 
A)  Fy(a+), C-, Fy(b+) 
B)  Fy(a+), C-, Fy(b-) 
C)  Fy(a+), C+, Fy(b-) 
D)  Fy(a+), C+, Fy(b+)

Question 16

When should multiple antibodies be suspected in a positive antibody screen?

Accepted Answer

A)  The auto-control was positive. 
B)  Cells react at different phases and strengths. 
C)  Only the AHG phase is reactive. 
D)  None of the above 
A)  The auto-control was positive. 
B)  Cells react at different phases and strengths. 
C)  Only the AHG phase is reactive. 
D)  None of the above

Question 17

What is the purpose of saline washing in the antibody screen procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removal of bound IgG that would otherwise neutralize the AHG reagent 
B)  Removal of unbound IgG that would neutralize the AHG reagent 
C)  Stripping of the red blood cell membrane for alloantibody binding 
D)  Removal of unbound IgM that would neutralize AHG reagent 
A)  Removal of bound IgG that would otherwise neutralize the AHG reagent 
B)  Removal of unbound IgG that would neutralize the AHG reagent 
C)  Stripping of the red blood cell membrane for alloantibody binding 
D)  Removal of unbound IgM that would neutralize AHG reagent

Question 18

The electrical force that exists between red blood cells is:

Accepted Answer

A)  called the zeta potential. 
B)  due to the net negative charge of the red blood cell membrane. 
C)  related to the voltage or potential that exists or at the surface of the RBC and the outer layer of the ionic cloud. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  called the zeta potential. 
B)  due to the net negative charge of the red blood cell membrane. 
C)  related to the voltage or potential that exists or at the surface of the RBC and the outer layer of the ionic cloud. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 19

What effect does ZZAP reagent have on sensitized red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Removes antibody from red blood cells 
B)  Enzyme treats red blood cells 
C)  Increases adsorption capability of red blood cells 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Removes antibody from red blood cells 
B)  Enzyme treats red blood cells 
C)  Increases adsorption capability of red blood cells 
D)  All of the above

Question 20

How is chloroquine diphosphate used in blood banking?

Accepted Answer

A)  To accurately phenotype patient cells when IAT is positive 
B)  To enhance antigen-antibody binding in IAT 
C)  To accurately phenotype patient cells when the DAT is positive 
D)  To be used as an Rh control when DAT is positive 
A)  To accurately phenotype patient cells when IAT is positive 
B)  To enhance antigen-antibody binding in IAT 
C)  To accurately phenotype patient cells when the DAT is positive 
D)  To be used as an Rh control when DAT is positive

Exam 9: Detection and Identification of Antibodies

Why is an enzyme treatment used in antibody identification?

Which of the following is a mechanism of an elution procedure?

Why is rouleaux not usually found in the AHG phase of antibody screens?

What might a positive antibody screen and a negative auto control indicate?

In interpreting an antibody screen, which of the following questions might be asked to decipher the class of antibody?

All of the following antigens are found on reagent screening cells except:

Routine pre-transfusion testing consists of all of the following except:

What is an antigen profile sheet?

What is a possible explanation for a nonreactive eluate?

What is the purpose of treating serum containing cold autoantibodies with dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)?

What makes up an autologous control?

What determines if a red blood cell antibody is clinically significant?

Why are antibodies to high-frequency antigens, such as cellano (k), rarely seen in patient samples?

During an antibody ID, there was 1+ reaction at AHG with donor cells with the antigen profile Fya(+), Fyb(-). All other donor cells on the panel were negative, including those that were Fya(+), Fyb(+). Given these results, what might be the conclusion?

If you suspect anti-C is present in a patient's serum, and anti-Fya still has to be ruled out using other reagent cells, what would the phenotype of the rule out cell have to be?

When should multiple antibodies be suspected in a positive antibody screen?

What is the purpose of saline washing in the antibody screen procedure?

The electrical force that exists between red blood cells is:

What effect does ZZAP reagent have on sensitized red blood cells?

How is chloroquine diphosphate used in blood banking?

Red Blood Cells and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends

Basic Genetics

Fundamentals of Immunology

Concepts in Molecular Biology

The Antiglobulin Test

The Abo Blood Group System

The RH Blood Group System

Blood Group Terminology and the Other Blood Groups

Pre-Transfusion Testing

Overview of the Routine Blood Bank Laboratory

Other Technologies and Automation

Donor Screening and Component Preparation

Apheresis

Transfusion Therapy

Cellular Therapy

Transfusion-Transmitted Diseases

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias

The Hla System

Relationship Testing

Quality Management

Transfusion Safety and Federal Regulatory Requirements

Utilization Management

Laboratory Information Systems

Medicolegal and Ethical Aspects of Providing Blood Collection and Transfusion Services

Tissue Banking: A New Role for the Transfusion Service

Filters

If you suspect anti-C is present in a patient's serum, and anti-Fy^a still has to be ruled out using other reagent cells, what would the phenotype of the rule out cell have to be?