Exam 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

At the end of the nineteenth century,G.Stanley Hall conducted a study of anger in which people reported episodes of anger that they had witnessed.One observation involved a 3-year-old girl who paused right in the middle of a tantrum,during a period of what seemed to be uncontrollable sobs.She was upset because she had been kept home from a ride and wanted to know if her father was home.When told that he wasn't yet home,the girl resumed her tantrum.Why is this observation perfectly understandable based on the laws of learning?

Pavlov was the first scientist to teach a pigeon to play piano with a reward box.

The use of operant conditioning techniques in real-world settings is called:

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on ½ pound of sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________.

In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us? Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to prejudice?

When a 3-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits,what classical conditioning procedures helped reduce his fear?

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

Because of classical conditioning,medical treatment can create unexpected misery or relief from symptoms,for reasons that are entirely unrelated to the treatment itself.Give an example that illustrates this statement.

For classical conditioning to be most effective,the stimulus to be conditioned should:

Pavlov called the phenomenon that he had stumbled upon a "_______________," but an error in the translation of his writings was made.

Social-cognitive learning theory is the school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events,without references to mental events.

Mild punishers,such as a firm "No!" are not as effective as stronger punishers would be if used in the same situation.

A behaviorist would agree that:

When lawbreakers get away with their crimes,their behavior is intermittently reinforced and therefore becomes resistant to conditioning.

The process by which a stimulus weakens the probability of the response that it follows is called:

There is a strong correlation between media violence and aggression.

Punishing a child's misbehavior is most effective if there is a delay between the behavior and the punishment so that the child has time to mull over the consequence to come.

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response is called:

A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research would be that:

Humans are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears.