Exam 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

According to the behaviorists:

Intrinsic reinforcers are defined as reinforcers that:

An ongoing,and emotional debate,centers around the question,"Does media violence make people behave more aggressively?" What have psychologists found when meta-analyses were performed on hundreds of experimental studies? What happens when children cut back on their time watching TV or playing video games? Why do some researchers say that the relationship between media violence and real violence is not strong enough to worry about? What conclusions about the correlation between media violence and violent behavior have merit according to the social-cognitive view? How do these findings relate to the critical thinking guideline,"Tolerate Uncertainty"?

In classical conditioning procedures,it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur.Explain this process.Describe the research on higher-order conditioning in which slugs were the research subjects.

The most effective reward must be:

Negative emotions and dislikes can be classically conditioned,but it is difficult to use this technique to condition positive emotions.

A favorite experimental tool of radical behaviorists is the Skinner box.Describe how Skinner demonstrated operant conditioning of a rat using the Skinner box.

If every phone call you received brought bad news that made your heart race,your heart would soon stop racing every time the phone rang.

In order for latent learning to occur,there must be obvious reinforcement.

Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

As a young doctoral student,Edward Thorndike set the stage for the emergence of operant conditioning. Describe the research that Thorndike conducted with cats in a puzzle box. How did the cats behave at first when they wanted to reach a scrap of fish that was just outside the box? What happened over time? What conclusions did Thorndike reach? Although B.F.Skinner expanded on Thorndike's principles,Skinner avoided some terminology because it implied assumptions that Skinner felt were inappropriate.What changes did Skinner make?

Vanessa and Kurt want their son to keep his room clean.Which of the following statements is NOT good advice for them on how to modify his behavior?

Since the salivation of the dogs was interfering with his work on digestion,Pavlov's first response was annoyance at the secretions that occurred before the meat powder was placed on the dog's tongue.

When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The footsteps acted as a/an:

The founder of American behaviorism was:

Individuals being treated for cancer may generalize the nausea caused by chemotherapy to the place where the therapy takes place.When this occurs,the conditioned stimulus is:

Evolutionary psychologists note that humans are primed to be susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears.Explain why this would be adaptive.

Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats,charms,and rituals.Using these principles,explain how an athlete might show this type of attachment.How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behavior with eight pigeons in his laboratory?

In Chapter Six,we learned that some taste preferences,such as a liking for sweets,are universal,a part of our evolutionary heritage.Others are a matter of culture.When Thurston attends a dinner at a Japanese restaurant he is fascinated as the chef prepares the food on a grill in front of him.When the appetizers are served,Thurston enjoys the raw oysters,but he cannot imagine eating the raw sea urchins and raw octopus that his friends are savoring.Use learning theory to explain the differences between Thurston's taste in foods and that of his friends.

A problem for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy involves the nausea/vomiting that the treatment often produces. What role does generalization play in this problem? How has higher-order conditioning been illustrated?