Exam 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

Extrinsic rewards are not inherently related to the activity that is being reinforced.

An electric shock would be an example of a primary punisher.

After paying a $500 fine,an able-bodied driver is careful not to park in a space reserved for handicapped drivers.The loss of money is a:

In the 1940s,two social scientists proposed a social-learning theory stating that most human learning occurs through observing other people in a social context.

A _______________ tells whether reinforcement is available.

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze,Tolman and Honzik noted that _______________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.

Research has demonstrated that slugs can be classically conditioned.

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock.Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

Most psychologists think Watson was wrong in his views about love because

Working in a room with a comfortable air temperature would be an example of a secondary reinforcer.

If you want a response to persist after it has been learned,you should reinforce it intermittently,not continuously.

At first,Pavlov treated the dog's drooling as:

A discriminative stimulus signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence.

What conclusions were reached when researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant,bitter-tasting chemical?

When grade-school children cut back on the time they watch TV or play video games,

Joan begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery but he refuses to buy her one.Joan continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie.For her dad,the cessation of Joan's whiny behavior is a _______________,and,for Joan,the cookie is a _______________.

In both latent learning and social-cognitive learning,what is acquired is _______________ rather than a specific response.

Strict behaviorists avoid the word reward,in favor of the word reinforcement.

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but hears the thunder after her jump! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he was sitting.Albert's reaction of fear,when he heard the noise,served as the _______________ in their study.