Exam 7: Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

Stimulus discrimination occurs when,after conditioning,an organism responds to a stimulus that resembles the stimulus involved in the original conditioning.

Bad grades would be examples of primary punishers.

A reinforcer does not have to be a thing; it can be a desired activity.

Robert Rescorla said that a conditioned stimulus must reliably _______________ an unconditioned stimulus.

Describe the different types of reinforcers and punishers.Explain the role that negative reinforcement played in Little Albert's behavior after he had acquired the fear of the white rat.What difficulties occur when an individual avoids a feared object or situation?

Behaviorists focus on a basic kind of learning called:

In classical conditioning procedures,it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur.Explain this process and then illustrate its use citing the research on the acquisition of classically conditioned responses by cancer patients during chemotherapy.

Many people confuse negative reinforcement with positive punishment.What is the best way to keep these terms straight?

According to Pavlov,learning occurs when:

The process of observational learning would explain how 3-year-old Ryan knows how to lather up his own face after watching his dad shave earlier that day.

In our first chapter,What Is Psychology,one of the critical thinking guidelines that we learned about was "Consider Other Interpretations." Before settling on one interpretation of the evidence,critical thinkers generate as many interpretations as possible.For example,an athlete wears a new pair of socks and then surpasses her own record for the number of baskets made during a game.Her socks become "lucky" and she makes sure to wear them for each basketball game.What type of reinforcement (from Chapter Seven,Learning and Conditioning)explains the fact that she clings to her socks as a lucky charm? What other interpretations should she consider?

Secondary reinforcers and punishers are often called conditioned reinforcers and punishers.

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called:

Which of the following statements would be rejected by a strict behaviorist?

The automatic,involuntary responses involved in blood pressure and muscle contractions cannot be classically conditioned.

Dr.Konstanza wants to train a rat to play basketball.She could wait until she was old and gray,however,before she could reinforce the rat for playing basketball! What conditioning procedure does Dr.Konstanza need to use? Outline,step by step,what she can do to meet her goal.

You take an aspirin and your headache goes away.This makes it more likely that you will take an aspirin next time you have a headache.This is an example of:

The simplest form of extinction is

Harsh sentencing laws and efforts to crack down on wrongdoers often fail or backfire.

Kelsey's dad uses a primary reinforcer to strengthen the response she just made.The reinforcing stimulus would be: