Question 1

Which phrase is NOT a characteristic of naïve psychological concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  refer to invisible mental states 
B)  develop early in life 
C)  linked to each other in cause-effect relations 
D)  involved in understanding only the self 
A)  refer to invisible mental states 
B)  develop early in life 
C)  linked to each other in cause-effect relations 
D)  involved in understanding only the self

Question 2

A study by Taylor demonstrated that, compared to children who do not have imaginary companions, children who do have imaginary companions:

Accepted Answer

A)  are more intelligent. 
B)  are more likely to be depressed or anxious. 
C)  watch more television. 
D)  have more advanced theories of mind. 
A)  are more intelligent. 
B)  are more likely to be depressed or anxious. 
C)  watch more television. 
D)  have more advanced theories of mind.

Question 3

The study that compared the spatial skills of Aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert with those of their White peers growing up in Australian cities demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the lack of pressure exerted by parents of White children to develop spatial skills enabled children to gain greater insight into spatial orientations. 
B)  the lack of human-made landmarks, such as street signs, in the desert resulted in poor spatial ability in Aboriginal children. 
C)  familiarity of context, not the importance of spatial ability in everyday life, was associated with the memory for spatial location. 
D)  the importance of spatial ability in Aboriginal culture resulted in better memory for spatial location in Aboriginal children regardless of context. 
A)  the lack of pressure exerted by parents of White children to develop spatial skills enabled children to gain greater insight into spatial orientations. 
B)  the lack of human-made landmarks, such as street signs, in the desert resulted in poor spatial ability in Aboriginal children. 
C)  familiarity of context, not the importance of spatial ability in everyday life, was associated with the memory for spatial location. 
D)  the importance of spatial ability in Aboriginal culture resulted in better memory for spatial location in Aboriginal children regardless of context.

Question 4

Which influence(s) are cited by empiricists when explaining the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5?

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing experience with other people 
B)  improved information-processing capacity 
C)  brain maturation 
D)  all of these influences 
A)  increasing experience with other people 
B)  improved information-processing capacity 
C)  brain maturation 
D)  all of these influences

Question 5

The Phillips and colleagues study that recorded infants' looking times when they were presented with actors holding stuffed toy kittens was examining infants' understanding of the connection between:

Accepted Answer

A)  beliefs and actions. 
B)  desires and beliefs. 
C)  abilities and actions. 
D)  desires and actions. 
A)  beliefs and actions. 
B)  desires and beliefs. 
C)  abilities and actions. 
D)  desires and actions.

Question 6

The desire to behave in a particular way is referred to as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  perception. 
B)  belief. 
C)  intention. 
D)  action. 
A)  perception. 
B)  belief. 
C)  intention. 
D)  action.

Question 7

At what age do at least 72% of children in all cultures answer false-belief problems correctly?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 years old 
B)  3 years old 
C)  4 years old 
D)  5 years old 
A)  2 years old 
B)  3 years old 
C)  4 years old 
D)  5 years old

Question 8

The ability to precisely and accurately code locations in the absence of straightforward landmarks is:

Accepted Answer

A)  fully developed by age 2. 
B)  fully developed by age 7. 
C)  fully developed by adulthood. 
D)  incomplete in some adults. 
A)  fully developed by age 2. 
B)  fully developed by age 7. 
C)  fully developed by adulthood. 
D)  incomplete in some adults.

Question 9

On the subject of healing, preschoolers believe that:

Accepted Answer

A)  only people, not plants or animals, can heal. 
B)  living things, not inanimate objects, can heal. 
C)  living things and inanimate objects can both heal. 
D)  inanimate objects, not living things, can heal. 
A)  only people, not plants or animals, can heal. 
B)  living things, not inanimate objects, can heal. 
C)  living things and inanimate objects can both heal. 
D)  inanimate objects, not living things, can heal.

Question 10

Telling children that _____ is likely to influence the age at which children understand that plants are alive.

Accepted Answer

A)  plants move toward sunlight 
B)  plants drink water 
C)  animals eat plants 
D)  plants grow 
A)  plants move toward sunlight 
B)  plants drink water 
C)  animals eat plants 
D)  plants grow

Question 11

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects what fundamental, unresolved question about human nature?

Accepted Answer

A)  Do children shape their own concepts, or are they passive recipients of the concepts taught to them by others? 
B)  Do children form all concepts through the same mechanisms, or do they possess special mechanisms for forming a few particularly important concepts? 
C)  In what ways is concept development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous? 
D)  Do all children learn concepts in the same manner, or does the sociocultural context matter? 
A)  Do children shape their own concepts, or are they passive recipients of the concepts taught to them by others? 
B)  Do children form all concepts through the same mechanisms, or do they possess special mechanisms for forming a few particularly important concepts? 
C)  In what ways is concept development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous? 
D)  Do all children learn concepts in the same manner, or does the sociocultural context matter?

Question 12

Of these categories, which do children generally form last?

Accepted Answer

A)  people 
B)  plants 
C)  living things 
D)  inanimate objects 
A)  people 
B)  plants 
C)  living things 
D)  inanimate objects

Question 13

Spelke posited that a primitive theory of physics is present at what age?

Accepted Answer

A)  birth 
B)  18 months 
C)  3 years 
D)  6 months 
A)  birth 
B)  18 months 
C)  3 years 
D)  6 months

Question 14

Nativists differ from empiricists in that nativists believe that children are born with:

Accepted Answer

A)  the ability to remember. 
B)  a sense of the concept of time. 
C)  the ability to form associations. 
D)  a sense of the concept of vehicle. 
A)  the ability to remember. 
B)  a sense of the concept of time. 
C)  the ability to form associations. 
D)  a sense of the concept of vehicle.

Question 15

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 years 
B)  6 years 
C)  9 years 
D)  12 years 
A)  3 years 
B)  6 years 
C)  9 years 
D)  12 years

Question 16

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behaviour is referred to as a theory of:

Accepted Answer

A)  mind. 
B)  behaviour. 
C)  thought. 
D)  psychology. 
A)  mind. 
B)  behaviour. 
C)  thought. 
D)  psychology.

Question 17

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand:

Accepted Answer

A)  the relation between beliefs and actions. 
B)  how other people's desires can be different from their own. 
C)  the difference between what is true and what is false. 
D)  that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth. 
A)  the relation between beliefs and actions. 
B)  how other people's desires can be different from their own. 
C)  the difference between what is true and what is false. 
D)  that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth.

Question 18

Which error is common among 8-year-olds?

Accepted Answer

A)  confusing past and future 
B)  not accounting for current time when predicting amount of time in the future 
C)  failing to distinguish which past event occurred more recently 
D)  perceiving duration differently depending on whether or not their attention is focused on it 
A)  confusing past and future 
B)  not accounting for current time when predicting amount of time in the future 
C)  failing to distinguish which past event occurred more recently 
D)  perceiving duration differently depending on whether or not their attention is focused on it

Question 19

Cases in which adults who were born blind have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that:

Accepted Answer

A)  self-locomotion, even without visual input, is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space. 
B)  the stream of visual information that accompanies self-locomotion is important for an individual's current sense of space only. 
C)  early visual experience is important for full development of the ability to mentally represent space. 
D)  individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision. 
A)  self-locomotion, even without visual input, is sufficient for perfect development of the ability to mentally represent space. 
B)  the stream of visual information that accompanies self-locomotion is important for an individual's current sense of space only. 
C)  early visual experience is important for full development of the ability to mentally represent space. 
D)  individuals who are blind are better able to mentally represent space than those with normal vision.

Question 20

The belief that living things have a core nature that makes them who they are is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  naturism. 
B)  essentialism. 
C)  nativism. 
D)  spiritism. 
A)  naturism. 
B)  essentialism. 
C)  nativism. 
D)  spiritism.

Exam 7: Section 2: Conceptual Development

Which phrase is NOT a characteristic of naïve psychological concepts?

A study by Taylor demonstrated that, compared to children who do not have imaginary companions, children who do have imaginary companions:

The study that compared the spatial skills of Aboriginal children growing up in the Australian desert with those of their White peers growing up in Australian cities demonstrated that:

Which influence(s) are cited by empiricists when explaining the development of preschoolers' theory of mind from age 3 to age 5?

The Phillips and colleagues study that recorded infants' looking times when they were presented with actors holding stuffed toy kittens was examining infants' understanding of the connection between:

The desire to behave in a particular way is referred to as a(n):

At what age do at least 72% of children in all cultures answer false-belief problems correctly?

The ability to precisely and accurately code locations in the absence of straightforward landmarks is:

On the subject of healing, preschoolers believe that:

Telling children that _____ is likely to influence the age at which children understand that plants are alive.

The debate between nativists and empiricists reflects what fundamental, unresolved question about human nature?

Of these categories, which do children generally form last?

Spelke posited that a primitive theory of physics is present at what age?

Nativists differ from empiricists in that nativists believe that children are born with:

Children tend to engage in pretend play, at least occasionally, until approximately what age?

A structured understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behaviour is referred to as a theory of:

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand:

Which error is common among 8-year-olds?

Cases in which adults who were born blind have surgery to restore sight have provided evidence that:

The belief that living things have a core nature that makes them who they are is referred to as:

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

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