Question 1

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A)  more 
B)  less 
C)  an equal amount of 
D)  no 
A)  more 
B)  less 
C)  an equal amount of 
D)  no A

Question 2

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

Accepted Answer

•All mammals have the dopamine system,which gives them an ability to seek things that are rewarding and avoid things that are harmful.
•However,humans have a greatly expanded prefrontal cortex compared with other mammals,so they have an enhanced capacity to reflect on their circumstances and to select actions other than what their more primitive brain systems would urge them to do.
•The ventromedial portion of the human prefrontal cortex is also greatly expanded compared with other mammals,which might play a particularly important role in self-regulation of decisions (e.g. ,diet plans).

Question 3

A(n)_____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior 
B)  conditional 
C)  posterior 
D)  prior 
A)  anterior 
B)  conditional 
C)  posterior 
D)  prior D

Question 4

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  base-rate neglect. 
B)  framing effects. 
C)  subjective probability. 
D)  subjective utility. 
A)  base-rate neglect. 
B)  framing effects. 
C)  subjective probability. 
D)  subjective utility.

Question 5

Shafir (1993)asked participants to play the role of the judge in a divorce case in which both parents are seeking custody.Parent A has an average income,average health,average working hours,reasonable rapport with the child,and a relatively stable social life.Parent B has an above-average income,minor health problems,lots of work-related travel,a very close relation with the child,and an extremely active social life.To whom were the participants more likely to deny custody?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parent A 
B)  Parent B 
C)  Males were more likely to vote for parent A;females were more likely to vote for parent B. 
D)  No significant trends were found. 
A)  Parent A 
B)  Parent B 
C)  Males were more likely to vote for parent A;females were more likely to vote for parent B. 
D)  No significant trends were found.

Question 6

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984)subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Accepted Answer

A)  very high objective probabilities 
B)  very high subjective probabilities 
C)  very low objective probabilities 
D)  very low subjective probabilities 
A)  very high objective probabilities 
B)  very high subjective probabilities 
C)  very low objective probabilities 
D)  very low subjective probabilities

Question 7

You are the mayor of a city.You have received word of an imminent attack that has the potential to destroy the entire town.Your best architect builds a shelter,but he cannot gather enough supplies.He tells you that the shelter can safely accommodate 200 of the town's 800 citizens.If you allow all 800 citizens into the shelter,there is a one-fourth probability that all will be saved,but a three-fourths probability that the supplies will run out and no one will be saved.You decide to hold an emergency town meeting to have the townspeople vote on what to do.Based on what you know about framing effects,how will they vote?

Accepted Answer

A)  They will vote to shelter 200 of the 800 citizens. 
B)  They will vote to shelter all 800 citizens. 
C)  The options are mathematically equivalent;both options will be voted for equally. 
D)  Framing effects will not influence their vote. 
A)  They will vote to shelter 200 of the 800 citizens. 
B)  They will vote to shelter all 800 citizens. 
C)  The options are mathematically equivalent;both options will be voted for equally. 
D)  Framing effects will not influence their vote.

Question 8

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus 
B)  nucleus accumbens 
C)  parietal cortex 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex 
A)  hippocampus 
B)  nucleus accumbens 
C)  parietal cortex 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 9

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus 
B)  nucleus accumbens 
C)  parietal cortex 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex 
A)  hippocampus 
B)  nucleus accumbens 
C)  parietal cortex 
D)  ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 10

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

Accepted Answer

•Edwards (1968)presented participants wi

Question 11

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Accepted Answer

A)  seem more emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals. 
B)  seem less emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals. 
C)  respond faster,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals. 
D)  respond slower,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals. 
A)  seem more emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals. 
B)  seem less emotionally engaged in card selection than do normal individuals. 
C)  respond faster,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals. 
D)  respond slower,but with greater inaccuracy compared with normal individuals.

Question 13

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Accepted Answer

A)  combine the prior probability with the conditional probabilities to determine the posterior probability. 
B)  combine the prior probability with the posterior probability to determine the conditional probabilities. 
C)  combine the conditional probabilities with the posterior probability to determine the prior probabilities. 
D)  derive the posterior probability and the prior probability from the conditional probabilities. 
A)  combine the prior probability with the conditional probabilities to determine the posterior probability. 
B)  combine the prior probability with the posterior probability to determine the conditional probabilities. 
C)  combine the conditional probabilities with the posterior probability to determine the prior probabilities. 
D)  derive the posterior probability and the prior probability from the conditional probabilities.

Question 14

Tversky and Kahneman (1974)found that participants:

Accepted Answer

A)  accurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position. 
B)  accurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k. 
C)  inaccurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position. 
D)  inaccurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k. 
A)  accurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position. 
B)  accurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k. 
C)  inaccurately judged that there are more words that begin with k than have k in the third position. 
D)  inaccurately judged that there are more words that have k in the third position than begin with k.

Question 15

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Accepted Answer

A)  absent in apes. 
B)  larger in apes than in humans. 
C)  smaller in apes than in humans. 
D)  of equal size in apes and in humans. 
A)  absent in apes. 
B)  larger in apes than in humans. 
C)  smaller in apes than in humans. 
D)  of equal size in apes and in humans.

Question 16

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Accepted Answer

A)  conjecture. 
B)  experimental evidence. 
C)  logical syllogisms. 
D)  probability. 
A)  conjecture. 
B)  experimental evidence. 
C)  logical syllogisms. 
D)  probability.

Question 17

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails)? (1)H T H T H T H T H T
(2)H H T H T H T T T H
(3)T T T T T T T T T T

Accepted Answer

A)  Sequence 1 is most likely. 
B)  Sequence 2 is most likely. 
C)  Sequence 3 is most likely. 
D)  Each sequence is equally likely. 
A)  Sequence 1 is most likely. 
B)  Sequence 2 is most likely. 
C)  Sequence 3 is most likely. 
D)  Each sequence is equally likely.

Question 18

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

Accepted Answer

•A descriptive model specifies

Question 19

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Accepted Answer

•Dopamine activity in the nucl

Question 20

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  framing effects. 
B)  probability matching. 
C)  subjective probability. 
D)  subjective utility. 
A)  framing effects. 
B)  probability matching. 
C)  subjective probability. 
D)  subjective utility.

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

A(n)_____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984)subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Tversky and Kahneman (1974)found that participants:

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails)? (1)H T H T H T H T H T (2)H H T H T H T T T H (3)T T T T T T T T T T

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Problem Solving

Expertise

Reasoning

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

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Exam 11: Decision Making

Compared with older adults,adolescents often perceive _____ danger from risky behaviors.

How are humans different from other mammals in their decision-making abilities?

A(n)_____ probability is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence.

The difference between $15 and $10 seems greater than the difference between $125 and $120.This is an example of:

According to Kahneman and Tversky (1984)subjective probabilities are not identical with objective probabilities.In the function they calculated to describe this relationship,which part of the curve is overweighted?

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers an impersonal dilemma.

Greene et al.(2001)found that the _____ is activated when one considers a personal dilemma.

Describe the methods and findings of the Edwards (1968)study on conservatism.

German students do better than American students in judging the population of American cities.

In the Iowa gambling task,participants with ventromedial damage:

Bayes's theorem specifies how to:

Tversky and Kahneman (1974)found that participants:

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is:

Bayes's theorem is based on:

Which sequence of 10 coin tosses is MOST likely (H denotes heads and T denotes tails)? (1)H T H T H T H T H T (2)H H T H T H T T T H (3)T T T T T T T T T T

What is a descriptive model? A prescriptive model?

How are the dopamine system and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in decision making?

Choosing among alternatives in proportion to their success is called:

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Problem Solving

Expertise

Reasoning

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters