Question 1

Why are protocols important in experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A one-way ANOVA tests whether responses

Question 2

What is a chi-square test of independence and when should it be used?

Accepted Answer

A chi-square test of independence is a s

Question 3

Which of the following is the symbol for chi-square?

Accepted Answer

A)  $\Omega$ 
B)  $\alpha$2 
C)  $\beta$ 
D)  $\chi$2 
A)  $\Omega$ 
B)  $\alpha$2 
C)  $\beta$ 
D)  $\chi$2

Question 4

Dr. Hsu conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining digestive reaction to the smell of food and watching food preparation. Dr. Hsu had multiple experimental conditions. Dr. Hsu's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but the analysis was not able to tell him where the specific differences existed. Dr. Hsu will need to follow-up with what analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  matched samples test 
B)  planned contrasts 
C)  independent sample t test 
D)  post-hoc analyses 
A)  matched samples test 
B)  planned contrasts 
C)  independent sample t test 
D)  post-hoc analyses

Question 5

If Professor Adams decides to use students in all of his sociology classes for his research, he is using what type of sampling procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  simple random sampling 
B)  stratified random sampling 
C)  convenience sampling 
D)  cluster sampling 
A)  simple random sampling 
B)  stratified random sampling 
C)  convenience sampling 
D)  cluster sampling

Question 6

Develop a theory that helps to explain the phenomenon associated with the smell of fresh-baked goods and the motivation to spend money.

Accepted Answer

Research supports the notion that "good"

Question 7

Dr. Moye is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for planned contrasts as:

Accepted Answer

A)  statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. 
B)  statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. 
C)  statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. 
D)  statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time. 
A)  statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. 
B)  statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. 
C)  statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. 
D)  statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
-(Scenario III) Suppose the researchers in Scenario III initially designed the study so that acute exercise was only 10 minutes in length. After finding no effect of exercise on memory recall, they decided to increase the length of exercise to 20 minutes. The design change from 10 minutes to 20 minutes most likely affected the study's:

Accepted Answer

A)  power. 
B)  external validity. 
C)  hypothesis. 
D)  reliability 
A)  power. 
B)  external validity. 
C)  hypothesis. 
D)  reliability

Question 9

In an experimental design if participants were not influenced by the _____, there really was not an experiment.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent variable 
B)  manipulation 
C)  confound variable 
D)  covariate 
A)  dependent variable 
B)  manipulation 
C)  confound variable 
D)  covariate

Question 10

Develop a research question that could be analyzed through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and describe what information this analysis would provide.

Accepted Answer

A research question that would be approp

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise, but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
-(Scenario II) Suppose the vendor who sold the rats to the researchers in Scenario II only had 20 rats left. The researchers needed a total of 40 rats to conduct this study so they buy the remaining 20 from another vendor. The strain, age, and sex of rats from both vendors were identical. Which of the following is a potential problem for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study is confounded and differences between the sample cannot be attributed to the independent variable. 
B)  The small sample size makes it difficult to establish internal validity. 
C)  The study is confounded because vendor type is an uncontrolled variable. 
D)  None of the above, because rats were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions. 
A)  The study is confounded and differences between the sample cannot be attributed to the independent variable. 
B)  The small sample size makes it difficult to establish internal validity. 
C)  The study is confounded because vendor type is an uncontrolled variable. 
D)  None of the above, because rats were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions.

Question 12

Dr. Sayre is developing a new study examining the role of finances in relationship dissatisfaction. Take his initial idea and create a research question based on this information and define both the independent variable and the dependent variable based on your research question.

Accepted Answer

One potential research question would be

Question 13

One of the most main goals of a research study is to make all efforts to:

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease the sample size. 
B)  increase power. 
C)  decrease effect size. 
D)  decrease p. 
A)  decrease the sample size. 
B)  increase power. 
C)  decrease effect size. 
D)  decrease p.

Question 14

Dr. Tykr determined that his null hypothesis is in fact true. This would suggest that Dr. Tykr's study:

Accepted Answer

A)  had a low degree of power. 
B)  had a moderate to high degree of power. 
C)  had an absence of power. 
D)  did not yield any significant results. 
A)  had a low degree of power. 
B)  had a moderate to high degree of power. 
C)  had an absence of power. 
D)  did not yield any significant results.

Question 15

Describe two negative consequences that can result from hypothesis-guessing.

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis-guessing refers to when the p

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran, J., Morton, G. & Sikorski, A.M. Poster No. 31. Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval. Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting. San Diego, CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items, and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention. After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs, healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions. Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS) exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes. Participants in the retrieval condition (RET) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes. Participants in the control condition (CONT) worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs. . In all conditions, participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase. the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation. Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words. The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions. These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
-(Scenario III) The researchers involved in the study described in Scenario III want to conduct a follow-up study to examine the minimum amount of exercise required following learning to improve memory recall. To determine whether there is a linear relationship between exercise duration and memory, the researchers should:

Accepted Answer

A)  manipulate exercise duration so it has at least three levels. 
B)  measure memory a minimum of three times. 
C)  control for the intelligence of the participants. 
D)  ensure only physically sedentary adults participate in the study. 
A)  manipulate exercise duration so it has at least three levels. 
B)  measure memory a minimum of three times. 
C)  control for the intelligence of the participants. 
D)  ensure only physically sedentary adults participate in the study.

Question 17

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: $\chi$2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?

Accepted Answer

A)  422 
B)  6 
C)  10.72 
D)  .20 
A)  422 
B)  6 
C)  10.72 
D)  .20

Question 18

Dr. Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as:

Accepted Answer

A)  a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. 
B)  a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. 
C)  a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. 
D)  a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time. 
A)  a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. 
B)  a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. 
C)  a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. 
D)  a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.

Question 19

Deandre is new teacher at a local elementary school. He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year. He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)?

Accepted Answer

A)  type of science group 
B)  pretest and posttest of science knowledge 
C)  gender of fifth graders 
D)  age of the fifth graders 
A)  type of science group 
B)  pretest and posttest of science knowledge 
C)  gender of fifth graders 
D)  age of the fifth graders

Question 20

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

Accepted Answer

A)  it allows collateral information to be collected. 
B)  participants can see how others view them. 
C)  participants get to state their own views. 
D)  they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases. 
A)  it allows collateral information to be collected. 
B)  participants can see how others view them. 
C)  participants get to state their own views. 
D)  they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases.

Why are protocols important in experimental designs?

What is a chi-square test of independence and when should it be used?

Which of the following is the symbol for chi-square?

If Professor Adams decides to use students in all of his sociology classes for his research, he is using what type of sampling procedure?

Develop a theory that helps to explain the phenomenon associated with the smell of fresh-baked goods and the motivation to spend money.

Dr. Moye is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for planned contrasts as:

In an experimental design if participants were not influenced by the _____, there really was not an experiment.

Develop a research question that could be analyzed through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and describe what information this analysis would provide.

Dr. Sayre is developing a new study examining the role of finances in relationship dissatisfaction. Take his initial idea and create a research question based on this information and define both the independent variable and the dependent variable based on your research question.

One of the most main goals of a research study is to make all efforts to:

Dr. Tykr determined that his null hypothesis is in fact true. This would suggest that Dr. Tykr's study:

Describe two negative consequences that can result from hypothesis-guessing.

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: $\chi$ ²(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?

Dr. Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as:

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pickup Lines Really Work

Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Using Research in the Real World: How Do You Know If You Are Truly Helping

a Statistical Tools for Answering Research Questions

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Exam 9: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Why are protocols important in experimental designs?

What is a chi-square test of independence and when should it be used?

Which of the following is the symbol for chi-square?

If Professor Adams decides to use students in all of his sociology classes for his research, he is using what type of sampling procedure?

Develop a theory that helps to explain the phenomenon associated with the smell of fresh-baked goods and the motivation to spend money.

Dr. Moye is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for planned contrasts as:

In an experimental design if participants were not influenced by the _____, there really was not an experiment.

Develop a research question that could be analyzed through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and describe what information this analysis would provide.

Dr. Sayre is developing a new study examining the role of finances in relationship dissatisfaction. Take his initial idea and create a research question based on this information and define both the independent variable and the dependent variable based on your research question.

One of the most main goals of a research study is to make all efforts to:

Dr. Tykr determined that his null hypothesis is in fact true. This would suggest that Dr. Tykr's study:

Describe two negative consequences that can result from hypothesis-guessing.

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: χ\chiχ 2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?

Dr. Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as:

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Factorial Design: I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours Do Pickup Lines Really Work

Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Using Research in the Real World: How Do You Know If You Are Truly Helping

a Statistical Tools for Answering Research Questions

Filters

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: $\chi$ ²(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?