Question 1

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  salivating at the sight of a lemon 
B)  raising your hand to ask a question 
C)  jerking your hand off a very hot stove 
D)  walking into a restaurant to eat 
A)  salivating at the sight of a lemon 
B)  raising your hand to ask a question 
C)  jerking your hand off a very hot stove 
D)  walking into a restaurant to eat

Question 2

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  higher;less 
B)  lower;more 
C)  higher;more 
D)  lower;less 
A)  higher;less 
B)  lower;more 
C)  higher;more 
D)  lower;less

Question 3

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  specified time period has elapsed. 
B)  unpredictable time period has elapsed. 
C)  specified number of responses have been made. 
D)  unpredictable number of responses have been made. 
A)  specified time period has elapsed. 
B)  unpredictable time period has elapsed. 
C)  specified number of responses have been made. 
D)  unpredictable number of responses have been made.

Question 4

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  secondary reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  secondary reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 5

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response.

Question 6

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 7

Which of the following is a frequent misperception regarding reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement and punishment are synonymous. 
B)  Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same thing. 
C)  Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the same thing. 
D)  Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement. 
A)  Reinforcement and punishment are synonymous. 
B)  Negative reinforcement and punishment are the same thing. 
C)  Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the same thing. 
D)  Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.

Question 8

Stacey tries extra hard in school because she receives 10 dollars for every A she earns on her report card.According to Thorndike's ________,Stacey is likely to continuing trying to earn As.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  law of effect 
D)  shaping 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  law of effect 
D)  shaping

Question 9

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  operant behavior. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  extinction. 
D)  acquisition. 
A)  operant behavior. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  extinction. 
D)  acquisition.

Question 10

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  intermittent reinforcement. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  secondary reinforcement. 
A)  generalization. 
B)  intermittent reinforcement. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  secondary reinforcement.

Question 11

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the

Accepted Answer

A)  frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex. 
B)  temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex. 
C)  parietal lobe adjacent to the sensory cortex. 
D)  occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex. 
A)  frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex. 
B)  temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex. 
C)  parietal lobe adjacent to the sensory cortex. 
D)  occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex.

Question 12

Any stimulus that,when removed after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  positive reinforcer. 
D)  negative reinforcer. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  positive reinforcer. 
D)  negative reinforcer.

Question 13

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus. 
A)  conditioned response. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  neutral stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibits 
B)  causes 
C)  is unrelated to 
D)  predicts 
A)  inhibits 
B)  causes 
C)  is unrelated to 
D)  predicts

Question 15

A reinforcement is any event that

Accepted Answer

A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits respondent behavior. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response. 
A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits respondent behavior. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response.

Question 16

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction 
A)  generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  extinction

Question 17

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative punishment. 
D)  positive punishment. 
A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative punishment. 
D)  positive punishment.

Question 18

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada,homicide rates doubled over a time in which TV with violent programming was introduced.This finding does not prove that viewing violence on TV causes aggression because

Accepted Answer

A)  the finding could not be replicated in another country. 
B)  the researchers randomly assigned viewers to watch either violent or nonviolent programming. 
C)  the research finding involved correlational evidence. 
D)  the research participants knew they were part of an ongoing TV viewing study. 
A)  the finding could not be replicated in another country. 
B)  the researchers randomly assigned viewers to watch either violent or nonviolent programming. 
C)  the research finding involved correlational evidence. 
D)  the research participants knew they were part of an ongoing TV viewing study.

Question 19

If a shock is always preceded by a tone,and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone,a rat will react

Accepted Answer

A)  with no fear either to the tone or to the light. 
B)  with fear to the tone but not to the light. 
C)  with fear to the light but not to the tone. 
D)  with equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light. 
A)  with no fear either to the tone or to the light. 
B)  with fear to the tone but not to the light. 
C)  with fear to the light but not to the tone. 
D)  with equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light.

Question 20

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimuli. 
B)  unconditioned stimuli. 
C)  cognitive processes. 
D)  instinctive drift. 
A)  conditioned stimuli. 
B)  unconditioned stimuli. 
C)  cognitive processes. 
D)  instinctive drift.

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Operant response rates tend to be when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

Which of the following is a frequent misperception regarding reinforcers?

Stacey tries extra hard in school because she receives 10 dollars for every A she earns on her report card.According to Thorndike's ________,Stacey is likely to continuing trying to earn As.

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the

Any stimulus that,when removed after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

A reinforcement is any event that

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada,homicide rates doubled over a time in which TV with violent programming was introduced.This finding does not prove that viewing violence on TV causes aggression because

If a shock is always preceded by a tone,and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone,a rat will react

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

The Biology of Behavior

Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Developing Through the Life Span

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapy

Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

Psychology at Work

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Exam 7: Learning

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

Which of the following is a frequent misperception regarding reinforcers?

Stacey tries extra hard in school because she receives 10 dollars for every A she earns on her report card.According to Thorndike's ________,Stacey is likely to continuing trying to earn As.

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the

Any stimulus that,when removed after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

In classical conditioning,an unlearned,naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)

Correlational studies show that prolonged viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior.

A reinforcement is any event that

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada,homicide rates doubled over a time in which TV with violent programming was introduced.This finding does not prove that viewing violence on TV causes aggression because

If a shock is always preceded by a tone,and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone,a rat will react

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

The Biology of Behavior

Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Developing Through the Life Span

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapy

Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

Psychology at Work

Filters

Operant response rates tend to be when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.