Question 1

Avoidance conditioning develops through

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  modeling. 
A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  modeling.

Question 2

Hanna finds that when her kids become too rowdy and noisy, she can successfully block out their noise if she closes the door to her study. In this example, closing the door is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  an escape response. 
B)  an avoidance response. 
C)  an unconditioned response. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
A)  an escape response. 
B)  an avoidance response. 
C)  an unconditioned response. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 3

Preparedness suggests that people would NOT easily develop phobias toward

Accepted Answer

A)  heights. 
B)  hot stoves. 
C)  darkness. 
D)  any of these three things. 
A)  heights. 
B)  hot stoves. 
C)  darkness. 
D)  any of these three things.

Question 4

The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to ____ the frequency of a response such as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease; arguing 
B)  decrease; smoking 
C)  increase; studying 
D)  increase; exercising 
A)  decrease; arguing 
B)  decrease; smoking 
C)  increase; studying 
D)  increase; exercising

Question 5

Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  extinction 
D)  positive reinforcement 
A)  punishment 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  extinction 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 6

Which of the following focuses on or highlights the importance of cognitions in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  reproduction of behavior 
B)  motivation to perform the behavior 
C)  retention of information 
D)  ability to execute the behavior effectively 
A)  reproduction of behavior 
B)  motivation to perform the behavior 
C)  retention of information 
D)  ability to execute the behavior effectively

Question 7

Marvin creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. He is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking after seeing these ads. In Marvin's ad the conditioned stimulus would be

Accepted Answer

A)  the images of garbage dumps. 
B)  people's feelings of disgust when viewing garbage. 
C)  the images of people drinking in a bar. 
D)  the feelings people have toward drinking before they see the ad. 
A)  the images of garbage dumps. 
B)  people's feelings of disgust when viewing garbage. 
C)  the images of people drinking in a bar. 
D)  the feelings people have toward drinking before they see the ad.

Question 8

Which of the following is one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  since it is not necessary, do not explain the punishment to the child 
B)  do not apply punishment swiftly, instead allow the child time to think about the coming punishment 
C)  make punishment consistent 
D)  use a severe punishment 
A)  since it is not necessary, do not explain the punishment to the child 
B)  do not apply punishment swiftly, instead allow the child time to think about the coming punishment 
C)  make punishment consistent 
D)  use a severe punishment

Question 9

Tolman's research on latent learning suggests that in order to learn the routes through a maze, rats must

Accepted Answer

A)  just be allowed to first explore the maze. 
B)  explore the maze when they are highly motivated. 
C)  be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze. 
D)  first be classically conditioned to show no fear in mazes. 
A)  just be allowed to first explore the maze. 
B)  explore the maze when they are highly motivated. 
C)  be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze. 
D)  first be classically conditioned to show no fear in mazes.

Question 10

Which type of learning is being employed if a rat bar-presses in order to turn off an electrical shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  avoidance learning 
D)  escape learning 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  avoidance learning 
D)  escape learning

Question 11

While Pavlov and Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely ____ process, today learning psychologists view conditioning as also containing a ____ component.

Accepted Answer

A)  mechanical; cognitive 
B)  cognitive; mechanical 
C)  passive; active 
D)  active; passive 
A)  mechanical; cognitive 
B)  cognitive; mechanical 
C)  passive; active 
D)  active; passive

Question 12

The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. 
B)  Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. 
C)  Bandura's theory of observational learning. 
D)  Rescorla's theory of signal relations. 
A)  Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. 
B)  Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning. 
C)  Bandura's theory of observational learning. 
D)  Rescorla's theory of signal relations.

Question 13

Negative reinforcement and punishment are similar in that they both weaken the tendency of the organism to make a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment strengthens undesirable behaviors, and negative reinforcement weakens undesirable behaviors. 
B)  punishment weakens undesirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement weakens desirable behaviors. 
C)  punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior. 
D)  there is no difference between punishment and negative reinforcement in their effects on behavior. 
A)  punishment strengthens undesirable behaviors, and negative reinforcement weakens undesirable behaviors. 
B)  punishment weakens undesirable behaviors, while negative reinforcement weakens desirable behaviors. 
C)  punishment weakens behavior, while negative reinforcement strengthens behavior. 
D)  there is no difference between punishment and negative reinforcement in their effects on behavior.

Question 15

What is extinction? How does it differ from forgetting?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning extinction occ

Question 16

Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults. 
B)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children. 
C)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults. 
D)  no conclusion as to the cause and effect relationship between media violence and aggression because the majority of the studies have been correlational. 
A)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among children but not adults. 
B)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among adults but not children. 
C)  media violence contributes to increased aggression among children and adults. 
D)  no conclusion as to the cause and effect relationship between media violence and aggression because the majority of the studies have been correlational.

Question 17

The experience Seligman had with sauce béarnaise was unique in that

Accepted Answer

A)  it suggested that generalization is more pervasive than originally thought. 
B)  a conditioned response was established even though there was a long delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  it appears that discriminative cues can lose their predictive influence in a fairly short period of time. 
D)  operant conditioning dynamics take precedence over classical conditioning principles. 
A)  it suggested that generalization is more pervasive than originally thought. 
B)  a conditioned response was established even though there was a long delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  it appears that discriminative cues can lose their predictive influence in a fairly short period of time. 
D)  operant conditioning dynamics take precedence over classical conditioning principles.

Question 18

Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. In this case, Miguel's hangover acted as

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement for drinking red wine. 
B)  a conditioned response to wine drinking. 
C)  punishment for drinking red wine. 
D)  a secondary reinforcer for attending parties. 
A)  negative reinforcement for drinking red wine. 
B)  a conditioned response to wine drinking. 
C)  punishment for drinking red wine. 
D)  a secondary reinforcer for attending parties.

Question 19

According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual

Accepted Answer

A)  initially acquiring or learning a new behavior. 
B)  actually performing a behavior that has been learned. 
C)  initially attending to the behavior of another person. 
D)  accurately retaining information about a behavior. 
A)  initially acquiring or learning a new behavior. 
B)  actually performing a behavior that has been learned. 
C)  initially attending to the behavior of another person. 
D)  accurately retaining information about a behavior.

Question 20

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school. 
B)  the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
C)  no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior. 
D)  watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children. 
A)  the more violence children watch on TV the more aggressive they tend to be at home and school. 
B)  the more violence children watch on TV the less aggressive they tend to act at home and school. 
C)  no consistent relationship exists between how much violence children watch on TV and aggressive behavior. 
D)  watching violence on TV causes relatively nonaggressive children to become more aggressive but does not increase the level of aggression of relatively aggressive children.

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Avoidance conditioning develops through

Hanna finds that when her kids become too rowdy and noisy, she can successfully block out their noise if she closes the door to her study. In this example, closing the door is an example of

Preparedness suggests that people would NOT easily develop phobias toward

The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to ____ the frequency of a response such as ____.

Angela came home after her curfew last night; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for 1 week. What discipline technique are Angela's parents using?

Which of the following focuses on or highlights the importance of cognitions in observational learning?

Marvin creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. He is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking after seeing these ads. In Marvin's ad the conditioned stimulus would be

Which of the following is one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

Tolman's research on latent learning suggests that in order to learn the routes through a maze, rats must

Which type of learning is being employed if a rat bar-presses in order to turn off an electrical shock?

While Pavlov and Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely ____ process, today learning psychologists view conditioning as also containing a ____ component.

The learning theory that is best able to explain why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior in children is

Negative reinforcement and punishment are similar in that they both weaken the tendency of the organism to make a response.

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

What is extinction? How does it differ from forgetting?

Research into the debate on the role of media violence on children suggests that

The experience Seligman had with sauce béarnaise was unique in that

Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. In this case, Miguel's hangover acted as

According to Albert Bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual

Research examining the long-term effects of media violence has demonstrated that

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The behavior modification strategy of controlling or decreasing your exposure to antecedents of your target behavior is especially useful if you are trying to the frequency of a response such as .

While Pavlov and Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely process, today learning psychologists view conditioning as also containing a component.