Question 1

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

Accepted Answer

A)  the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning. 
B)  the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations. 
C)  the distinction between acquisition of behavior and the performance of behavior. 
D)  the role of cognitive processes in learning. 
A)  the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning. 
B)  the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations. 
C)  the distinction between acquisition of behavior and the performance of behavior. 
D)  the role of cognitive processes in learning.

Question 2

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidance learning. 
B)  escape learning. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  avoidance learning. 
B)  escape learning. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 3

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using?

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  discrimination training 
D)  extinction 
A)  shaping 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  discrimination training 
D)  extinction

Question 5

On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response rate produces a(n) ____________________ slope.

Accepted Answer

The answer of On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response...

Question 6

Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a few hours after she ate sushi for the first time; now every time Sally sees sushi she feels sick to her stomach. Sally is demonstrating a(n) ____________________.

Accepted Answer

conditione

Question 7

____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Accepted Answer

Continuous

Question 8

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

Accepted Answer

A)  an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior. 
B)  an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end. 
C)  a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus. 
D)  an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring. 
A)  an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior. 
B)  an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end. 
C)  a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus. 
D)  an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.

Question 9

Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  It suggests alternative behaviors. 
B)  It can be modeled as a positive problem solving method. 
C)  It reduces the probability of undesirable behavior. 
D)  It will often trigger strong emotional responses. 
A)  It suggests alternative behaviors. 
B)  It can be modeled as a positive problem solving method. 
C)  It reduces the probability of undesirable behavior. 
D)  It will often trigger strong emotional responses.

Question 10

Recent research has shown that classical conditioning procedures can lead to ____________________, or a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent research has shown that classical conditioning...

Question 11

Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats

Accepted Answer

A)  must be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze. 
B)  will run through the maze only when they are highly motivated. 
C)  need to be allowed to explore the maze first. 
D)  must be punished for wrong choices in the maze on the first trials. 
A)  must be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze. 
B)  will run through the maze only when they are highly motivated. 
C)  need to be allowed to explore the maze first. 
D)  must be punished for wrong choices in the maze on the first trials.

Question 12

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  Pavlovian conditioning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  Pavlovian conditioning.

Question 13

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

Accepted Answer

A)  associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make. 
B)  all species are capable of learning all the same responses. 
C)  there is no such thing as "the" learning process. 
D)  the basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species. 
A)  associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make. 
B)  all species are capable of learning all the same responses. 
C)  there is no such thing as "the" learning process. 
D)  the basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.

Question 14

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of "Rocky" behaving

Accepted Answer

A)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences. 
B)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences. 
C)  in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences. 
D)  in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences. 
A)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences. 
B)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences. 
C)  in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences. 
D)  in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.

Question 15

You want to teach your dog to fetch the remote control for your TV. Why should you first use continuous reinforcement and then switch to partial reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

You should first use continuous reinforc

Question 16

A successful self-modification program may end spontaneously when

Accepted Answer

A)  the new, improved patterns of behavior become self-reinforcing. 
B)  a new behavior problem suddenly takes the place of the old one. 
C)  the reinforcer loses its effectiveness. 
D)  the frequency of the target behavior drops to zero. 
A)  the new, improved patterns of behavior become self-reinforcing. 
B)  a new behavior problem suddenly takes the place of the old one. 
C)  the reinforcer loses its effectiveness. 
D)  the frequency of the target behavior drops to zero.

Question 17

According to Martin Seligman, preparedness involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Accepted Answer

A)  pick an appropriate reinforcement. 
B)  specify a target behavior. 
C)  design the program. 
D)  gather baseline data. 
A)  pick an appropriate reinforcement. 
B)  specify a target behavior. 
C)  design the program. 
D)  gather baseline data.

Question 19

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement and punishment. 
B)  positive and negative reinforcement. 
C)  classical and operant conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning and observation learning. 
A)  reinforcement and punishment. 
B)  positive and negative reinforcement. 
C)  classical and operant conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning and observation learning.

Question 20

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing your motivation 
B)  decreasing your irritability 
C)  increasing your happiness 
D)  decreasing the amount of time spent watching television 
A)  increasing your motivation 
B)  decreasing your irritability 
C)  increasing your happiness 
D)  decreasing the amount of time spent watching television

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using?

On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response rate produces a(n) ____________________ slope.

Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a few hours after she ate sushi for the first time; now every time Sally sees sushi she feels sick to her stomach. Sally is demonstrating a(n) ____________________.

____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment?

Recent research has shown that classical conditioning procedures can lead to ____________________, or a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of "Rocky" behaving

You want to teach your dog to fetch the remote control for your TV. Why should you first use continuous reinforcement and then switch to partial reinforcement?

A successful self-modification program may end spontaneously when

According to Martin Seligman, preparedness involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

The Evolution of Psychology Part 1

The Evolution of Psychology Part 2

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 1

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 2

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 2

Sensation and Perception Part 1

Sensation and Perception Part 2

Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Variations in Consciousness Part 2

Learning Part 1

Human Memory Part 1

Human Memory Part 2

Language and Thought Part 1

Language and Thought Part 2

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 1

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 2

Motivation and Emotion Part 1

Motivation and Emotion Part 2

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 1

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 2

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 1

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 2

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 1

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 2

Psychological Disorders Part 1

Psychological Disorders Part 2

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 1

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 2

Social Behavior Part 1

Social Behavior Part 2

Careers in Psychology

Industrialorganizational Psychology

Statistical Methods

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reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.