Question 1

Application of conditioning principles to solve behavior problems is generally known as

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification. 
B)  cognitive engineering. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  insight training. 
A)  behavior modification. 
B)  cognitive engineering. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  insight training.

Question 2

When an organism learns a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring, it is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary learning. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  escape learning. 
D)  avoidance learning. 
A)  secondary learning. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  escape learning. 
D)  avoidance learning.

Question 3

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  the balcony 
B)  fear of the balcony 
C)  almost falling 
D)  fear resulting from almost falling 
A)  the balcony 
B)  fear of the balcony 
C)  almost falling 
D)  fear resulting from almost falling

Question 4

Imagine that you are an advertising executive and that your sales have been dropping for a particular brand of washing detergent. You want to design a set of advertisements that makes people feel good when they see your detergent and then you want to reinforce people for buying your product. How would you design advertisements that would condition people to feel good when they see your product and how would you reinforce people for buying your detergent?

Accepted Answer

The answers to this question will vary.

Question 5

____________________ refers to the initial stage of learning something.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ refers to the initial stage of...

Question 6

One reason that the criminal justice system in the United States does not do a better job deterring crime may be because it

Accepted Answer

A)  relies too much on highly aversive punishment. 
B)  relies too little on the use of punishment. 
C)  delays punishment for too long. 
D)  does not use reinforcing techniques. 
A)  relies too much on highly aversive punishment. 
B)  relies too little on the use of punishment. 
C)  delays punishment for too long. 
D)  does not use reinforcing techniques.

Question 7

Discuss the nature and importance of observational learning and discuss Bandura's view on whether reinforcement affects learning or performance.

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura outlined the theory of ob

Question 8

____________________ conditioning is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ conditioning is a form of learning...

Question 9

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning the response is ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  learned; innate 
B)  innate; learned 
C)  elicited; emitted 
D)  emitted; elicited 
A)  learned; innate 
B)  innate; learned 
C)  elicited; emitted 
D)  emitted; elicited

Question 10

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is called

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  primary reinforcement. 
A)  punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  primary reinforcement.

Question 11

The research of both Tolman and Bandura distinguishes between

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. 
B)  the acquisition of a learned response and the performance of the response. 
C)  reinforcement of a response and punishment of a response. 
D)  classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 
A)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. 
B)  the acquisition of a learned response and the performance of the response. 
C)  reinforcement of a response and punishment of a response. 
D)  classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Question 12

Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not in other ways is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination. 
B)  aversion conditioning. 
C)  compensatory conditioning. 
D)  preparedness. 
A)  stimulus discrimination. 
B)  aversion conditioning. 
C)  compensatory conditioning. 
D)  preparedness.

Question 13

When an event following a response weakens an organism's tendency to make that response, it is termed

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
A)  punishment. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 14

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?

Accepted Answer

A)  You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B)  The nontaste cues were too weak. 
C)  The taste cues were more immediate. 
D)  There was less contiguity for the other cues. 
A)  You were biologically predisposed to associate taste and nausea. 
B)  The nontaste cues were too weak. 
C)  The taste cues were more immediate. 
D)  There was less contiguity for the other cues.

Question 15

Behavior modification programs may be designed to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase response strength. 
B)  reduce response strength. 
C)  either increase or decrease response strength. 
D)  neither increase nor decrease response strength. 
A)  increase response strength. 
B)  reduce response strength. 
C)  either increase or decrease response strength. 
D)  neither increase nor decrease response strength.

Question 16

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is

Accepted Answer

A)  a source of a reinforcement. 
B)  an event that precedes a behavior. 
C)  a consequence of performing a behavior. 
D)  an emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment. 
A)  a source of a reinforcement. 
B)  an event that precedes a behavior. 
C)  a consequence of performing a behavior. 
D)  an emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment.

Question 17

Problems associate with the application of physical punishment as a disciplinary procedure include ____________________ side effects, increased ____________________ behavior, and behavioral problems.

Accepted Answer

emotional;

Question 18

The existence of biological constraints on learning such as preparedness and conditioned taste aversions reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)  psychology is theoretically diverse. 
B)  our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. 
C)  heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. 
D)  psychology is empirical. 
A)  psychology is theoretically diverse. 
B)  our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage. 
C)  heredity and environment jointly influence behavior. 
D)  psychology is empirical.

Question 19

It is very likely that you learned how to turn on the TV and change channels as a young child without your parents ever specifically teaching you to do so. (In fact, your parents were probably happier when they had control over the TV.) In this case, your learning would, most likely, be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  observational learning. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 20

Acquiring a behavior that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event is

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment learning. 
D)  avoidance learning. 
A)  escape learning. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment learning. 
D)  avoidance learning.

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Application of conditioning principles to solve behavior problems is generally known as

When an organism learns a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring, it is termed

Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response?

____________________ refers to the initial stage of learning something.

One reason that the criminal justice system in the United States does not do a better job deterring crime may be because it

Discuss the nature and importance of observational learning and discuss Bandura's view on whether reinforcement affects learning or performance.

____________________ conditioning is a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

In classical conditioning the response is ____, while in operant conditioning the response is ____.

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, it is called

The research of both Tolman and Bandura distinguishes between

Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not in other ways is known as

When an event following a response weakens an organism's tendency to make that response, it is termed

You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on?

Behavior modification programs may be designed to

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is

Problems associate with the application of physical punishment as a disciplinary procedure include ____________________ side effects, increased ____________________ behavior, and behavioral problems.

The existence of biological constraints on learning such as preparedness and conditioned taste aversions reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Acquiring a behavior that prevents the occurrence of an aversive event is

The Evolution of Psychology Part 1

The Evolution of Psychology Part 2

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 1

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 2

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 2

Sensation and Perception Part 1

Sensation and Perception Part 2

Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Variations in Consciousness Part 2

Learning Part 1

Human Memory Part 1

Human Memory Part 2

Language and Thought Part 1

Language and Thought Part 2

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 1

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 2

Motivation and Emotion Part 1

Motivation and Emotion Part 2

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 1

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 2

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 1

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 2

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 1

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 2

Psychological Disorders Part 1

Psychological Disorders Part 2

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 1

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 2

Social Behavior Part 1

Social Behavior Part 2

Careers in Psychology

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In classical conditioning the response is , while in operant conditioning the response is .

Problems associate with the application of physical punishment as a disciplinary procedure include side effects, increased behavior, and behavioral problems.