Exam 12: Learning Part 2

If a baseball player who has been in a batting slump for several weeks alters his batting stance and wears a new batting glove one day and gets three hits, the cognitive explanation of conditioning suggests that for the next game, the baseball player will continue to

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called ____________________.

In setting up reinforcement contingencies in a self-modification program, you should

What are stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination? Why are they important?

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called

Imagine that you have a roommate who is a slob and you would like to change this behavior. From your knowledge of conditioning principles how would you encourage and reinforce their behavior?

Concerns about the use of punishment as a disciplinary measure include concerns about side effects including anxiety, anger and resentment.

Kelly's parents always leave her with the same baby-sitter when they go out. Within minutes of the sitter's arrival her parent are gone. Kelly's baby-sitter arrives at her birthday party; as soon as Kelly sees her she begins to cry. Using the principles of classical conditioning, explain why Kelly cried when she saw the baby-sitter.

A system for administering symbolic reinforcers that can later be exchanged for "genuine" reinforcers is referred to as

The principles of learning and conditioning have

People often incorrectly confuse punishment with ____________________.

Briefly describe what happens in each of the following schedules of reinforcement:

Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response.

Zane has been shocked on six separate occasions while making toast. However, he doesn't seem to have developed a phobia toward toasters. Zane's only phobia is toward spiders, because he once had a big spider fall in his shirt when he was child. Zane's pattern of phobias illustrates the concept of

Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated.

Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of ____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that ____ is also very important.

The studies of Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats very easily learn to associate a taste CS with

For the first 10 trials rats simply explore a maze, with no reward. For the next ten trials they receive a food reward for going to the goal box. Learning appears to occur as fast for this group as for a group that received 20 consecutive reinforced trials. What was the explanation?

Conditioned taste aversions illustrate that an organism's biological heritage may place constraints on general learning processes. Therefore, this two phenomenon adds support to

Car manufacturers try to encourage drivers to buckle their seat belts through the use of reinforcement. As you know, if you start your car without buckling-up you will hear a somewhat annoying sound. If you learn to buckle-up after hearing the sound, you show ____. If you acquire the response of buckling-up before you turn on the ignition, you show ____.