Question 1

In a signal relations study, CS-US trials are alternated with presentation of the US alone. What will occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  stronger conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials 
B)  weaker conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials 
C)  latent learning 
D)  extinction 
A)  stronger conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials 
B)  weaker conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials 
C)  latent learning 
D)  extinction

Question 2

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of ____ and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment; negative reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement; punishment 
C)  positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
A)  punishment; negative reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement; punishment 
C)  positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 
D)  negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement

Question 3

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

Accepted Answer

A)  remains constantly present throughout training. 
B)  be one that is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained. 
C)  sometimes occurs when the US is not present. 
D)  is the most predictive signal for the US. 
A)  remains constantly present throughout training. 
B)  be one that is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained. 
C)  sometimes occurs when the US is not present. 
D)  is the most predictive signal for the US.

Question 4

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Accepted Answer

A)  gather baseline data. 
B)  specify the antecedents. 
C)  specify the target behavior. 
D)  design a program. 
A)  gather baseline data. 
B)  specify the antecedents. 
C)  specify the target behavior. 
D)  design a program.

Question 5

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  lengthening the delay between the response and the punishment 
B)  increasing the intensity of the punishment 
C)  providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer 
D)  making the punishment more consistent 
A)  lengthening the delay between the response and the punishment 
B)  increasing the intensity of the punishment 
C)  providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer 
D)  making the punishment more consistent

Question 6

Both ____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement and punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement and punishment 
D)  reinforcement and punishment 
A)  positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement and punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement and punishment 
D)  reinforcement and punishment

Question 7

Briefly describe observational learning, and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when an or

Question 8

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials. Group B rats get the same, but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer). You would predict that

Accepted Answer

A)  Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer. 
B)  Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
C)  Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly. 
D)  Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
A)  Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer. 
B)  Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer. 
C)  Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly. 
D)  Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer.

Question 9

Which of the following produces strong resistance to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  a continuous reinforcement schedule 
B)  an intermittent reinforcement schedule 
C)  optimal foraging behavior 
D)  discrimination and differentiation 
A)  a continuous reinforcement schedule 
B)  an intermittent reinforcement schedule 
C)  optimal foraging behavior 
D)  discrimination and differentiation

Question 10

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

Accepted Answer

A)  an unconditioned response. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement. 
A)  an unconditioned response. 
B)  a conditioned response. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 11

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment 
B)  escape 
C)  discrimination training 
D)  avoidance 
A)  punishment 
B)  escape 
C)  discrimination training 
D)  avoidance

Question 12

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  mild to moderate disciplinary spanking is detrimental for children 
B)  harsh, abusive punishment is detrimental for children 
C)  neither of the above 
D)  both of the above 
A)  mild to moderate disciplinary spanking is detrimental for children 
B)  harsh, abusive punishment is detrimental for children 
C)  neither of the above 
D)  both of the above

Question 13

In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n) ____________________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions...

Question 14

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with an US is a CS that

Accepted Answer

A)  is novel or intense. 
B)  has been paired with the US many times. 
C)  accurately predicts the presentation of the US. 
D)  is presented immediately after the US. 
A)  is novel or intense. 
B)  has been paired with the US many times. 
C)  accurately predicts the presentation of the US. 
D)  is presented immediately after the US.

Question 15

A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to ____ the shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to ____ the shock.

Accepted Answer

A)  escape; avoid 
B)  avoid; escape 
C)  escape; escape 
D)  avoid; avoid 
A)  escape; avoid 
B)  avoid; escape 
C)  escape; escape 
D)  avoid; avoid

Question 16

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Observational learning is entirely separate from both classical and operant conditioning. 
B)  Observational learning is a form of classical conditioning. 
C)  Observational learning is a form of operant conditioning. 
D)  Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning. 
A)  Observational learning is entirely separate from both classical and operant conditioning. 
B)  Observational learning is a form of classical conditioning. 
C)  Observational learning is a form of operant conditioning. 
D)  Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning.

Question 18

Design a self-modification program to improve your study habits.

Accepted Answer

Good responses will: (1) specify observa

Question 19

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  observational learning. 
A)  behavior modification. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 20

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  most species respond to classical conditioning, but only mammals show operant conditioning. 
B)  most species respond to operant conditioning, but only mammals show classical conditioning. 
C)  differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various species have led to some species-specific learning tendencies. 
D)  because all species face the same adaptive challenges, species-specific learning tendencies will disappear as a species evolves. 
A)  most species respond to classical conditioning, but only mammals show operant conditioning. 
B)  most species respond to operant conditioning, but only mammals show classical conditioning. 
C)  differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various species have led to some species-specific learning tendencies. 
D)  because all species face the same adaptive challenges, species-specific learning tendencies will disappear as a species evolves.

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

In a signal relations study, CS-US trials are alternated with presentation of the US alone. What will occur?

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of ____ and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of ____.

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment?

Both ____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.

Briefly describe observational learning, and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials. Group B rats get the same, but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer). You would predict that

Which of the following produces strong resistance to extinction?

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n) ____________________ stimulus.

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with an US is a CS that

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Design a self-modification program to improve your study habits.

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

The Evolution of Psychology Part 1

The Evolution of Psychology Part 2

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 1

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Part 2

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 1

The Biological Bases of Behavior Part 2

Sensation and Perception Part 1

Sensation and Perception Part 2

Variations in Consciousness Part 1

Variations in Consciousness Part 2

Learning Part 1

Human Memory Part 1

Human Memory Part 2

Language and Thought Part 1

Language and Thought Part 2

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 1

Intelligence and Psychological Testing Part 2

Motivation and Emotion Part 1

Motivation and Emotion Part 2

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 1

Human Development Across the Life Span Part 2

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 1

Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Part 2

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 1

Stress, Coping, and Health Part 2

Psychological Disorders Part 1

Psychological Disorders Part 2

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 1

Treatment of Psychological Disorders Part 2

Social Behavior Part 1

Social Behavior Part 2

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The tendency to make a response increases following the use of and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of .