Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

Albert Bandura, like Edward Tolman, suggests that organisms store cognitive representations of learned responses that they may or may not perform depending on the reinforcement possibilities.

Which of the following is not one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow, over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Compare the acquisition procedures in classical and operant conditioning. What is the essential difference between the two types of conditioning?

____________________ reinforcers include things such as food, water, warmth, and sex, which are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Many parenting books, dog training manuals, and business management approaches all advocate the use of operant conditioning techniques to encourage desirable behavior in children, pets, and employees. The widespread knowledge of, and application of conditioning techniques, reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have found that

Some studies have suggested that operant conditioning can elicit allergic reactions and may contribute to the growth of drug tolerances.

Food would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer.

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

A wild animal, such as a wolf, eats a new food that has a novel taste, an unusual color, and an unusual form or shape that it finds at a place where it had never found food before. Hours after eating the food the wolf develops nausea. In the future the wolf would be most likely to avoid foods ____ as the new food.

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you". Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a