Question 1

By definition, which of the following is true of altruistic behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They incur a cost to the recipient. 
B)  They incur a cost to the actor. 
C)  They result in a benefit to the actor. 
D)  They are beneficial to the recipient and the actor. 
A)  They incur a cost to the recipient. 
B)  They incur a cost to the actor. 
C)  They result in a benefit to the actor. 
D)  They are beneficial to the recipient and the actor. B

Question 2

The cooperative breeding system of primates such as marmosets and tamarins can be explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  chimerism, which increases fraternal twins' inclusive fitness when they help raise one another's offspring. 
B)  helpers who care for the offspring of the breeding pair, although the helpers are usually not related to them. 
C)  the fact that mothers sometimes allow their daughters to breed. 
D)  mutualism between the nonbreeding helpers. 
A)  chimerism, which increases fraternal twins' inclusive fitness when they help raise one another's offspring. 
B)  helpers who care for the offspring of the breeding pair, although the helpers are usually not related to them. 
C)  the fact that mothers sometimes allow their daughters to breed. 
D)  mutualism between the nonbreeding helpers. A

Question 3

Recent studies on kin recognition have found that age may provide a good proxy measure of paternal kinship in

Accepted Answer

A)  monogamous species. 
B)  species where one male dominates mating activity in a group. 
C)  groups with polygynous mating strategies. 
D)  polyandrous groups. 
A)  monogamous species. 
B)  species where one male dominates mating activity in a group. 
C)  groups with polygynous mating strategies. 
D)  polyandrous groups. B

Question 4

Which of the following statements correctly describes the coefficient of relatedness (r)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It measures the maximum degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients. 
B)  It measures the average degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients. 
C)  It indicates the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait. 
D)  It is a measure of likelihood that two individuals are members of the same species. 
A)  It measures the maximum degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients. 
B)  It measures the average degree of relatedness between the actor and the recipients. 
C)  It indicates the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait. 
D)  It is a measure of likelihood that two individuals are members of the same species.

Question 5

Although alarm calling benefits the whole group, it cannot be explained by group selection because

Accepted Answer

A)  callers make themselves conspicuous to the predators, but calling costs little in terms of individual fitness. 
B)  calling reduces the risk of mortality for everyone who hears the call, changing the frequency of callers and noncallers in the population, because everyone benefits. 
C)  noncallers benefit from the alarm call and will have higher fitness than the callers, so selection will suppress alarm calling. 
D)  callers and noncallers have the same relative fitness. 
A)  callers make themselves conspicuous to the predators, but calling costs little in terms of individual fitness. 
B)  calling reduces the risk of mortality for everyone who hears the call, changing the frequency of callers and noncallers in the population, because everyone benefits. 
C)  noncallers benefit from the alarm call and will have higher fitness than the callers, so selection will suppress alarm calling. 
D)  callers and noncallers have the same relative fitness.

Question 6

Of the following, which is the most certain way to identify kin in primates?

Accepted Answer

A)  phenotypic matching based on cues that expose underlying genetic similarity 
B)  similarity in age, suggesting that individuals are litter mates 
C)  proximity and context that signal possible parent-offspring relationships 
D)  reconciliation, indicating some sort of closeness between individuals 
A)  phenotypic matching based on cues that expose underlying genetic similarity 
B)  similarity in age, suggesting that individuals are litter mates 
C)  proximity and context that signal possible parent-offspring relationships 
D)  reconciliation, indicating some sort of closeness between individuals

Question 7

The key to the evolution of altruism is that

Accepted Answer

A)  recipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonrecipients. 
B)  actors must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonactors. 
C)  recipients must be unrelated to the actors. 
D)  nonrecipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than recipients. 
A)  recipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonrecipients. 
B)  actors must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than nonactors. 
C)  recipients must be unrelated to the actors. 
D)  nonrecipients must be more likely to carry the altruistic allele than recipients.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of mutualistic behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are common in nature when animals work together. 
B)  They are rare because "slacking" is often profitable for individuals, not groups. 
C)  They involve only kin and never unrelated individuals. 
D)  They are profitable for the actor but not the recipient. 
A)  They are common in nature when animals work together. 
B)  They are rare because "slacking" is often profitable for individuals, not groups. 
C)  They involve only kin and never unrelated individuals. 
D)  They are profitable for the actor but not the recipient.

Question 9

Monkey A lives in a group with full siblings. Monkey B lives in a group with half siblings. Monkey C lives in a group with cousins. And monkey D lives in a group with its grandparents. For which monkey in which group is altruistic behavior most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 10

Which of the following is true of group selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is likely to occur in primates because they live in well-established social groups. 
B)  It is likely to occur in primates because certain behaviors benefit the whole group. 
C)  It is unlikely to occur in primates because certain behaviors may benefit the group to the detriment of the actor. 
D)  It is unlikely to occur in primates because they lack sufficient levels of group interaction for a group-oriented behavior to evolve. 
A)  It is likely to occur in primates because they live in well-established social groups. 
B)  It is likely to occur in primates because certain behaviors benefit the whole group. 
C)  It is unlikely to occur in primates because certain behaviors may benefit the group to the detriment of the actor. 
D)  It is unlikely to occur in primates because they lack sufficient levels of group interaction for a group-oriented behavior to evolve.

Question 11

Reconciliatory contact between opponents immediately following an aggressive encounter can reduce rates of self-scratching, an indicator of stress. If no reconciliation is attempted, then we can assume that

Accepted Answer

A)  rates of self-scratching drop back to baseline, regardless of stress level. 
B)  rates of self-scratching remain above baseline, indicating high stress levels. 
C)  only one opponent experiences high stress levels. 
D)  the opponents will have high rates of aggression between them in the future. 
A)  rates of self-scratching drop back to baseline, regardless of stress level. 
B)  rates of self-scratching remain above baseline, indicating high stress levels. 
C)  only one opponent experiences high stress levels. 
D)  the opponents will have high rates of aggression between them in the future.

Question 12

Studies of kin recognition by female rhesus monkeys suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  females had weak affinities for their maternal half sisters. 
B)  facial resemblance could be a cue females use to distinguish paternal half sisters. 
C)  females preferred agemates to maternal and paternal half sisters. 
D)  females preferred maternal half sisters to unrelated agemates. 
A)  females had weak affinities for their maternal half sisters. 
B)  facial resemblance could be a cue females use to distinguish paternal half sisters. 
C)  females preferred agemates to maternal and paternal half sisters. 
D)  females preferred maternal half sisters to unrelated agemates.

Question 13

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between full siblings in primates is

Accepted Answer

A)  0.25. 
B)  0.5. 
C)  0.75. 
D)  1.00. 
A)  0.25. 
B)  0.5. 
C)  0.75. 
D)  1.00.

Question 14

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between mother and son in primates is

Accepted Answer

A)  0.25. 
B)  0.5. 
C)  0.75. 
D)  1.00. 
A)  0.25. 
B)  0.5. 
C)  0.75. 
D)  1.00.

Question 15

Reciprocal altruism requires

Accepted Answer

A)  many interactions between kin. 
B)  the ability to count. 
C)  that there are no slackers or cheaters. 
D)  sufficient memory to keep track of altruistic and nonaltruistic acts. 
A)  many interactions between kin. 
B)  the ability to count. 
C)  that there are no slackers or cheaters. 
D)  sufficient memory to keep track of altruistic and nonaltruistic acts.

Question 16

What is group selection? Why do evolutionary biologists believe that individual selection will be more powerful than group selection when the two are in conflict?

Accepted Answer

The key idea of group selection is that

Question 17

Which of the following statements about coalitions among male baboons is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  They allow middle-ranking, cooperative males a chance to gain access to receptive females. 
B)  They are an example of mutualistic behavior, as all males get equal mating opportunities. 
C)  They do not allow lower-ranking males to outcompete higher-ranking males. 
D)  They can predict male grooming relationships. 
A)  They allow middle-ranking, cooperative males a chance to gain access to receptive females. 
B)  They are an example of mutualistic behavior, as all males get equal mating opportunities. 
C)  They do not allow lower-ranking males to outcompete higher-ranking males. 
D)  They can predict male grooming relationships.

Question 18

Even primate "friends" sometimes come into conflict. Their aggressive interactions may not have a detrimental effect on social cohesion if there is

Accepted Answer

A)  kin selection. 
B)  altruism. 
C)  grooming. 
D)  reconciliation. 
A)  kin selection. 
B)  altruism. 
C)  grooming. 
D)  reconciliation.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of baboon females?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have strong affinities for both maternal and paternal half sisters. 
B)  They are not able to distinguish maternal and paternal half sisters from unrelated females. 
C)  They prefer maternal half sisters over paternal half sisters. 
D)  They prefer paternal half sisters over maternal half sisters. 
A)  They have strong affinities for both maternal and paternal half sisters. 
B)  They are not able to distinguish maternal and paternal half sisters from unrelated females. 
C)  They prefer maternal half sisters over paternal half sisters. 
D)  They prefer paternal half sisters over maternal half sisters.

Question 20

The coefficient of relatedness (r) is a measure of

Accepted Answer

A)  each individual's fitness benefits. 
B)  the probability that two individuals acquire the same allele through descent from a common ancestor. 
C)  the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait. 
D)  parental investment. 
A)  each individual's fitness benefits. 
B)  the probability that two individuals acquire the same allele through descent from a common ancestor. 
C)  the probability that two randomly chosen individuals share the same genetic trait. 
D)  parental investment.

By definition, which of the following is true of altruistic behaviors?

The cooperative breeding system of primates such as marmosets and tamarins can be explained by

Recent studies on kin recognition have found that age may provide a good proxy measure of paternal kinship in

Which of the following statements correctly describes the coefficient of relatedness (r)?

Although alarm calling benefits the whole group, it cannot be explained by group selection because

Of the following, which is the most certain way to identify kin in primates?

The key to the evolution of altruism is that

Which of the following is true of mutualistic behaviors?

Monkey A lives in a group with full siblings. Monkey B lives in a group with half siblings. Monkey C lives in a group with cousins. And monkey D lives in a group with its grandparents. For which monkey in which group is altruistic behavior most likely to occur?

Which of the following is true of group selection?

Reconciliatory contact between opponents immediately following an aggressive encounter can reduce rates of self-scratching, an indicator of stress. If no reconciliation is attempted, then we can assume that

Studies of kin recognition by female rhesus monkeys suggest that

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between full siblings in primates is

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between mother and son in primates is

Reciprocal altruism requires

What is group selection? Why do evolutionary biologists believe that individual selection will be more powerful than group selection when the two are in conflict?

Which of the following statements about coalitions among male baboons is correct?

Even primate "friends" sometimes come into conflict. Their aggressive interactions may not have a detrimental effect on social cohesion if there is

Which of the following is true of baboon females?

The coefficient of relatedness (r) is a measure of

Adaptation by Natural Selection

Genetics

The Modern Synthesis

Speciation and Phylogeny

Primate Diversity and Ecology

Primate Mating Systems

Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence

From Tree Shrew to Ape

The Earliest Hominins

Early Homo and H Erectus 26-1 Ma

The Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries

Homo Sapiens and the Evolution of Modern Human Behavior

Human Genetics and Variation

Evolution and Human Behavior

Culture, Cooperation, and Human Uniqueness

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Exam 7: The Evolution of Cooperation

By definition, which of the following is true of altruistic behaviors?

The cooperative breeding system of primates such as marmosets and tamarins can be explained by

Recent studies on kin recognition have found that age may provide a good proxy measure of paternal kinship in

Which of the following statements correctly describes the coefficient of relatedness (r)?

Although alarm calling benefits the whole group, it cannot be explained by group selection because

Of the following, which is the most certain way to identify kin in primates?

The key to the evolution of altruism is that

Which of the following is true of mutualistic behaviors?

Monkey A lives in a group with full siblings. Monkey B lives in a group with half siblings. Monkey C lives in a group with cousins. And monkey D lives in a group with its grandparents. For which monkey in which group is altruistic behavior most likely to occur?

Which of the following is true of group selection?

Reconciliatory contact between opponents immediately following an aggressive encounter can reduce rates of self-scratching, an indicator of stress. If no reconciliation is attempted, then we can assume that

Studies of kin recognition by female rhesus monkeys suggest that

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between full siblings in primates is

The coefficient of relatedness (r) between mother and son in primates is

Reciprocal altruism requires

What is group selection? Why do evolutionary biologists believe that individual selection will be more powerful than group selection when the two are in conflict?

Which of the following statements about coalitions among male baboons is correct?

Even primate "friends" sometimes come into conflict. Their aggressive interactions may not have a detrimental effect on social cohesion if there is

Which of the following is true of baboon females?

The coefficient of relatedness (r) is a measure of

Adaptation by Natural Selection

Genetics

The Modern Synthesis

Speciation and Phylogeny

Primate Diversity and Ecology

Primate Mating Systems

Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence

From Tree Shrew to Ape

The Earliest Hominins

Early Homo and H Erectus 26-1 Ma

The Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries

Homo Sapiens and the Evolution of Modern Human Behavior

Human Genetics and Variation

Evolution and Human Behavior

Culture, Cooperation, and Human Uniqueness

Filters