Question 1

According to the discussion of early language production,

Accepted Answer

A)  true babbling involves only vowels. 
B)  babbling is a form of intentional communication. 
C)  when infants are 1-month-old, their babbling already sounds like the language spoken in their home. 
D)  intentional communication begins at about 9 months of age. 
A)  true babbling involves only vowels. 
B)  babbling is a form of intentional communication. 
C)  when infants are 1-month-old, their babbling already sounds like the language spoken in their home. 
D)  intentional communication begins at about 9 months of age.

Question 2

Suppose researchers test 100 college students, whose ages range from 18 to 23. They also test 100 people at a nearby community center for older adults, whose ages range from 70 to 75. The participants are instructed to read a series of short essays and answer questions on them. The average score is 72% correct for the elderly people and 85% correct for the college students. Which of the following four conclusions would you be most likely to choose?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would conclude that the younger people have better memory than the older people. 
B)  You would conclude that the differences in the average scores can be traced to differences in the working memory of the two groups. 
C)  You would recommend that the same study should be repeated with larger groups of participants. 
D)  You would recommend that the study should be repeated, matching the two groups in terms of variables such as education and health. 
A)  You would conclude that the younger people have better memory than the older people. 
B)  You would conclude that the differences in the average scores can be traced to differences in the working memory of the two groups. 
C)  You would recommend that the same study should be repeated with larger groups of participants. 
D)  You would recommend that the study should be repeated, matching the two groups in terms of variables such as education and health.

Question 3

An important factor that helps children develop their syntax is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they develop fast mapping at an early age. 
B)  they become skilled at overextensions. 
C)  their working memory increases, allowing them to produce more combinations of words. 
D)  they become less self-centered, so that it becomes easier to convey a request to another person. 
A)  they develop fast mapping at an early age. 
B)  they become skilled at overextensions. 
C)  their working memory increases, allowing them to produce more combinations of words. 
D)  they become less self-centered, so that it becomes easier to convey a request to another person.

Question 4

According to research on infant memory, if you want an infant to remember the sound of your voice, you should

Accepted Answer

A)  speak in a soft voice for a long duration, such as an hour or more. 
B)  speak in a loud voice for a long duration, such as an hour or more. 
C)  speak briefly to the infant several times each day, with quiet time in between 
D)  not expect memory until at least the age of 4 months. 
A)  speak in a soft voice for a long duration, such as an hour or more. 
B)  speak in a loud voice for a long duration, such as an hour or more. 
C)  speak briefly to the infant several times each day, with quiet time in between 
D)  not expect memory until at least the age of 4 months.

Question 5

Chapter 13 discussed whether children's poor memory performance can be traced to faulty metamemory and ineffective use of memory strategies. According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A)  the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is extremely high. 
B)  the correlation between metamemory and strategy use is high, but neither of these two factors is correlated with memory performance. 
C)  the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is moderate, and it would probably be higher if we could accurately measure children's metamemory. 
D)  none of the appropriate correlations is statistically significant, so some other factor-other than metamemory accuracy and strategy use-must account for children's memory deficits. 
A)  the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is extremely high. 
B)  the correlation between metamemory and strategy use is high, but neither of these two factors is correlated with memory performance. 
C)  the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is moderate, and it would probably be higher if we could accurately measure children's metamemory. 
D)  none of the appropriate correlations is statistically significant, so some other factor-other than metamemory accuracy and strategy use-must account for children's memory deficits.

Question 6

Your textbook describes several methodological problems that arise when conducting research with elderly individuals. These problems included the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  elderly people tend to be better educated than younger people. 
B)  elderly people are typically less anxious than younger people. 
C)  elderly people typically have more health problems than younger people. 
D)  irrelevant variables are often too carefully controlled. 
A)  elderly people tend to be better educated than younger people. 
B)  elderly people are typically less anxious than younger people. 
C)  elderly people typically have more health problems than younger people. 
D)  irrelevant variables are often too carefully controlled.

Question 7

Suppose that you are on a jury in which a 7-year-old child has provided eyewitness testimony about an automobile accident. Based on what you know from Chapter 13, you should keep in mind that

Accepted Answer

A)  this child should be much less likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident. 
B)  this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident. 
C)  this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by a stereotype that had been conveyed prior to the accident. 
D)  this child's memory should not be influenced by either stereotypes or post-event information. 
A)  this child should be much less likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident. 
B)  this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident. 
C)  this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by a stereotype that had been conveyed prior to the accident. 
D)  this child's memory should not be influenced by either stereotypes or post-event information.

Question 8

Chapter 13 discussed research conducted in China on infants' ability to recognize their mother's voice 1 or 2 weeks before the infants were born. In one condition, infants heard their mother's voice reading a poem. This research was appropriately conducted because, in the second condition, infants heard

Accepted Answer

A)  their mother reading the same poem at a different time. 
B)  their mother reading a different poem. 
C)  another woman reading a different poem. 
D)  another woman reading the same poem. 
A)  their mother reading the same poem at a different time. 
B)  their mother reading a different poem. 
C)  another woman reading a different poem. 
D)  another woman reading the same poem.

Question 9

Which of the following students provides the best information about the metacognitive skills of elderly people?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pascal: "Elderly adults are similar to young adults in accurately predicting which items they will recall at a later time." 
B)  Ladi: "Elderly adults are consistently less effective in monitoring their memory." 
C)  Jacqueline: "Elderly adults have less knowledge than young adults about how their memory works." 
D)  Lucy: "In general, elderly adults and young adults are similar, except that elderly adults spend less time on any given metacognitive task, in comparison to young adults." 
A)  Pascal: "Elderly adults are similar to young adults in accurately predicting which items they will recall at a later time." 
B)  Ladi: "Elderly adults are consistently less effective in monitoring their memory." 
C)  Jacqueline: "Elderly adults have less knowledge than young adults about how their memory works." 
D)  Lucy: "In general, elderly adults and young adults are similar, except that elderly adults spend less time on any given metacognitive task, in comparison to young adults."

Question 10

What can we conclude about children's use of organizational strategies in memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Young children are just as likely as older children to rearrange pictures of the words that they must remember. 
B)  Most young children are aware that organization would be helpful in memory tasks, but they lack the ability to organize. 
C)  Young children who have been taught an organizational strategy usually show improved recall. 
D)  When young children are told, "Remember these items," they spontaneously organize the items. 
A)  Young children are just as likely as older children to rearrange pictures of the words that they must remember. 
B)  Most young children are aware that organization would be helpful in memory tasks, but they lack the ability to organize. 
C)  Young children who have been taught an organizational strategy usually show improved recall. 
D)  When young children are told, "Remember these items," they spontaneously organize the items.

Question 11

Suppose that you are volunteering at a community program for elderly adults. With respect to working memory, you should remember that these elderly individuals will have the most difficulty when they are asked to

Accepted Answer

A)  store sounds in the phonological loop. 
B)  remember sentences that are spoken at a normal rate. 
C)  rearrange information before recalling it. 
D)  recall more than three numbers in the same order in which they were presented. 
A)  store sounds in the phonological loop. 
B)  remember sentences that are spoken at a normal rate. 
C)  rearrange information before recalling it. 
D)  recall more than three numbers in the same order in which they were presented.

Question 12

According to the discussion of metamemory, children who are between the ages of about 5 and 10 typically

Accepted Answer

A)  believe that they need to make an effort if they genuinely want to remember something. 
B)  underestimate how well they will perform on a memory test. 
C)  were only slightly more confident about the items they had answered correctly, compared to their confidence about the items they had answered incorrectly. 
D)  use appropriate memory strategies if they realize that they don't know the material. 
A)  believe that they need to make an effort if they genuinely want to remember something. 
B)  underestimate how well they will perform on a memory test. 
C)  were only slightly more confident about the items they had answered correctly, compared to their confidence about the items they had answered incorrectly. 
D)  use appropriate memory strategies if they realize that they don't know the material.

Question 13

If children follow Marcus's "rule-and-memory" theory for creating the plural form of nouns, we would expect that English-speaking children would

Accepted Answer

A)  add the ending "s" or "es" to every noun. 
B)  vary the strategy for creating a plural form, and then notice which strategy receives the most positive reaction from grownups. 
C)  add "s" or "es" to most nouns, but remember some important words that have an irregular plural. 
D)  use overextensions more frequently than overregularizations. 
A)  add the ending "s" or "es" to every noun. 
B)  vary the strategy for creating a plural form, and then notice which strategy receives the most positive reaction from grownups. 
C)  add "s" or "es" to most nouns, but remember some important words that have an irregular plural. 
D)  use overextensions more frequently than overregularizations.

Question 14

Imagine that 6-year-old Debbie is beginning to tell you a story about her family' trip to a folk song festival. Before she starts, she says, "O.K., have you ever heard about the Old Songs Folk Festival?" Her skill in determining whether you have the appropriate background for the story is most relevant to an aspect of language called

Accepted Answer

A)  syntax. 
B)  pragmatics. 
C)  source monitoring. 
D)  fast mapping. 
A)  syntax. 
B)  pragmatics. 
C)  source monitoring. 
D)  fast mapping.

Question 15

Your textbook compares prospective memory in younger adults and older adults. The research typically shows that elderly adults

Accepted Answer

A)  make fewer prospective memory errors, probably because they have developed effective strategies for remembering to do things in the future. 
B)  make fewer prospective memory errors, probably because retired adults do not need to remember so many work-related responsibilities. 
C)  make more prospective memory errors, probably because this kind of memory task is mostly based on working memory, and elderly people often have trouble with working memory. 
D)  make more prospective memory errors, probably because this kind of task is mostly based on implicit memory, and elderly people often have trouble with implicit memory. 
A)  make fewer prospective memory errors, probably because they have developed effective strategies for remembering to do things in the future. 
B)  make fewer prospective memory errors, probably because retired adults do not need to remember so many work-related responsibilities. 
C)  make more prospective memory errors, probably because this kind of memory task is mostly based on working memory, and elderly people often have trouble with working memory. 
D)  make more prospective memory errors, probably because this kind of task is mostly based on implicit memory, and elderly people often have trouble with implicit memory.

Question 16

One important reason that research on infant cognitive abilities is difficult to conduct is that

Accepted Answer

A)  infants do not have measurable memory skills until 6 months of age, so we cannot assess other cognitive abilities that depend on memory. 
B)  infants under the age of 3 months are too young to participate in research. 
C)  it's difficult to assess cognitive processes because of infants' limited motor and language skills. 
D)  psychologists have typically concentrated on perceptual abilities, rather than cognitive abilities. 
A)  infants do not have measurable memory skills until 6 months of age, so we cannot assess other cognitive abilities that depend on memory. 
B)  infants under the age of 3 months are too young to participate in research. 
C)  it's difficult to assess cognitive processes because of infants' limited motor and language skills. 
D)  psychologists have typically concentrated on perceptual abilities, rather than cognitive abilities.

Question 17

Chapter 13 discussed eyewitness-testimony research by Henry and Gudjonsson. These researchers compared children with typical development and children with an intellectual disability. The results showed that the children with typical development

Accepted Answer

A)  recalled more items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
B)  recalled more items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
C)  recalled the same number of items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
D)  recalled the same number of items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
A)  recalled more items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
B)  recalled more items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
C)  recalled the same number of items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information. 
D)  recalled the same number of items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information.

Question 18

Chapter 13 discusses research by McDonough and Mandler, in which 9-month-olds showed that they knew that animals drink, whereas vehicles can carry people. This research suggests that babies

Accepted Answer

A)  show habituation. 
B)  prefer nouns and verbs to words that merely show a grammatical function. 
C)  are aware of syntax. 
D)  appreciate semantic concepts. 
A)  show habituation. 
B)  prefer nouns and verbs to words that merely show a grammatical function. 
C)  are aware of syntax. 
D)  appreciate semantic concepts.

Question 19

Suppose that 6-year-old children and college students are given several memory tasks. Which of the following tasks is likely to reveal the smallest differences between the two groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recall 
B)  Recognition 
C)  Working memory 
D)  Source monitoring 
A)  Recall 
B)  Recognition 
C)  Working memory 
D)  Source monitoring

Question 20

Anna, who is 10-year-old, and her 5-year-old sister Penny watched a new animated movie, and then they are asked a series of questions about the movie. For each question they answer, they are also asked to rate their confidence in their answer. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  For the questions they answered correctly, both Anna and Penny will be highly confident. 
B)  For the questions they answered correctly, Anna will be much more confident than Penny. 
C)  For the questions they answered incorrectly, both Anna and Penny will show a lack of confidence. 
D)  For the questions they answered incorrectly, Anna will be more confident than Penny. 
A)  For the questions they answered correctly, both Anna and Penny will be highly confident. 
B)  For the questions they answered correctly, Anna will be much more confident than Penny. 
C)  For the questions they answered incorrectly, both Anna and Penny will show a lack of confidence. 
D)  For the questions they answered incorrectly, Anna will be more confident than Penny.

According to the discussion of early language production,

An important factor that helps children develop their syntax is that

According to research on infant memory, if you want an infant to remember the sound of your voice, you should

Chapter 13 discussed whether children's poor memory performance can be traced to faulty metamemory and ineffective use of memory strategies. According to this discussion,

Your textbook describes several methodological problems that arise when conducting research with elderly individuals. These problems included the fact that

Suppose that you are on a jury in which a 7-year-old child has provided eyewitness testimony about an automobile accident. Based on what you know from Chapter 13, you should keep in mind that

Which of the following students provides the best information about the metacognitive skills of elderly people?

What can we conclude about children's use of organizational strategies in memory?

Suppose that you are volunteering at a community program for elderly adults. With respect to working memory, you should remember that these elderly individuals will have the most difficulty when they are asked to

According to the discussion of metamemory, children who are between the ages of about 5 and 10 typically

If children follow Marcus's "rule-and-memory" theory for creating the plural form of nouns, we would expect that English-speaking children would

Your textbook compares prospective memory in younger adults and older adults. The research typically shows that elderly adults

One important reason that research on infant cognitive abilities is difficult to conduct is that

Chapter 13 discussed eyewitness-testimony research by Henry and Gudjonsson. These researchers compared children with typical development and children with an intellectual disability. The results showed that the children with typical development

Chapter 13 discusses research by McDonough and Mandler, in which 9-month-olds showed that they knew that animals drink, whereas vehicles can carry people. This research suggests that babies

Suppose that 6-year-old children and college students are given several memory tasks. Which of the following tasks is likely to reveal the smallest differences between the two groups?

Anna, who is 10-year-old, and her 5-year-old sister Penny watched a new animated movie, and then they are asked a series of questions about the movie. For each question they answer, they are also asked to rate their confidence in their answer. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 13: Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

According to the discussion of early language production,

An important factor that helps children develop their syntax is that

According to research on infant memory, if you want an infant to remember the sound of your voice, you should

Chapter 13 discussed whether children's poor memory performance can be traced to faulty metamemory and ineffective use of memory strategies. According to this discussion,

Your textbook describes several methodological problems that arise when conducting research with elderly individuals. These problems included the fact that

Suppose that you are on a jury in which a 7-year-old child has provided eyewitness testimony about an automobile accident. Based on what you know from Chapter 13, you should keep in mind that

Which of the following students provides the best information about the metacognitive skills of elderly people?

What can we conclude about children's use of organizational strategies in memory?

Suppose that you are volunteering at a community program for elderly adults. With respect to working memory, you should remember that these elderly individuals will have the most difficulty when they are asked to

According to the discussion of metamemory, children who are between the ages of about 5 and 10 typically

If children follow Marcus's "rule-and-memory" theory for creating the plural form of nouns, we would expect that English-speaking children would

Your textbook compares prospective memory in younger adults and older adults. The research typically shows that elderly adults

One important reason that research on infant cognitive abilities is difficult to conduct is that

Chapter 13 discussed eyewitness-testimony research by Henry and Gudjonsson. These researchers compared children with typical development and children with an intellectual disability. The results showed that the children with typical development

Chapter 13 discusses research by McDonough and Mandler, in which 9-month-olds showed that they knew that animals drink, whereas vehicles can carry people. This research suggests that babies

Suppose that 6-year-old children and college students are given several memory tasks. Which of the following tasks is likely to reveal the smallest differences between the two groups?

Anna, who is 10-year-old, and her 5-year-old sister Penny watched a new animated movie, and then they are asked a series of questions about the movie. For each question they answer, they are also asked to rate their confidence in their answer. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters