Question 1

Some of the research on children's eyewitness testimony has important implications for the courtroom. According to that research,

Accepted Answer

A)  children are more accurate if interviewers ask the questions in a very emotional tone. 
B)  as children grow older, they are increasingly likely to change their mind during a cross-examination. 
C)  children are more likely than adults to say "I don't know" if they are unsure about the accuracy of their memory. 
D)  young children have fairly accurate memory, under ideal circumstances. 
A)  children are more accurate if interviewers ask the questions in a very emotional tone. 
B)  as children grow older, they are increasingly likely to change their mind during a cross-examination. 
C)  children are more likely than adults to say "I don't know" if they are unsure about the accuracy of their memory. 
D)  young children have fairly accurate memory, under ideal circumstances.

Question 2

Suppose that your elderly uncle is coming to visit. You are concerned because you will be discussing some important issues and do not want to overload his working memory. Based on the information in Chapter 13, you would suspect that

Accepted Answer

A)  you probably do not need to worry, because no age-related differences have been reported for working memory. 
B)  you probably do not need to worry, as long as you aren't talking to him while he is doing another complex task at the same time. 
C)  you probably need to worry, because elderly people show deficits in the functioning of the phonological loop. 
D)  you probably need to worry, because young adults and older adults have similar working memory only when speech rate is significantly slower than normal. 
A)  you probably do not need to worry, because no age-related differences have been reported for working memory. 
B)  you probably do not need to worry, as long as you aren't talking to him while he is doing another complex task at the same time. 
C)  you probably need to worry, because elderly people show deficits in the functioning of the phonological loop. 
D)  you probably need to worry, because young adults and older adults have similar working memory only when speech rate is significantly slower than normal.

Question 3

According to research about the importance of context in infant memory,

Accepted Answer

A)  context does not seem to have an important influence on infants' memory. 
B)  when infants are younger than 6 months, context has no influence on infants' memory; however, context is important for infants who are older than 6 months. 
C)  infants actually show enhanced memory if the researchers test memory in a different context. 
D)  context effects are even stronger for infants than for adults. 
A)  context does not seem to have an important influence on infants' memory. 
B)  when infants are younger than 6 months, context has no influence on infants' memory; however, context is important for infants who are older than 6 months. 
C)  infants actually show enhanced memory if the researchers test memory in a different context. 
D)  context effects are even stronger for infants than for adults.

Question 4

The discussion of working memory in elderly people pointed out that

Accepted Answer

A)  elderly people and young adults do not seem to differ on any measures of working memory. 
B)  elderly people show consistent deficits on working memory tasks, in comparison with young adults. 
C)  elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on easy working memory tasks. 
D)  elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on difficult working memory tasks. 
A)  elderly people and young adults do not seem to differ on any measures of working memory. 
B)  elderly people show consistent deficits on working memory tasks, in comparison with young adults. 
C)  elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on easy working memory tasks. 
D)  elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on difficult working memory tasks.

Question 5

Chapter 13 discussed research about whether 12-18-month-old children can learn language by watching a DVD. The DVD shows a household object, while a voiceover says the object's name. According to the results, children learned significantly more words

Accepted Answer

A)  if the children watched the video by themselves, compared with a control group that had no video. 
B)  if the parent taught the child the words, compared with the child learning the words from the video. 
C)  if the parent watched the video and interacted with the child, compared with the child just watching the video. 
D)  if the child was in the control group, without any video or teaching; their vocabulary actually increased as much as when children's parents taught them the words. 
A)  if the children watched the video by themselves, compared with a control group that had no video. 
B)  if the parent taught the child the words, compared with the child learning the words from the video. 
C)  if the parent watched the video and interacted with the child, compared with the child just watching the video. 
D)  if the child was in the control group, without any video or teaching; their vocabulary actually increased as much as when children's parents taught them the words.

Question 6

According to the research on prospective memory, elderly people

Accepted Answer

A)  consistently make more errors than younger people. 
B)  typically make more errors than younger people. 
C)  make about the same number of errors as younger people. 
D)  make about the same number of errors on real-life tasks, but more errors on tasks that are low in ecological validity. 
A)  consistently make more errors than younger people. 
B)  typically make more errors than younger people. 
C)  make about the same number of errors as younger people. 
D)  make about the same number of errors on real-life tasks, but more errors on tasks that are low in ecological validity.

Question 7

A mother hands little Marc his familiar bowl, which contains a red fruit he has never seen before. She says, "Look, here are some strawberries!" When he sees this same fruit at dinnertime, he points and says a word something like "strawberries." Marc is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  overextension. 
B)  fast mapping. 
C)  an appreciation of syntax. 
D)  an appreciation of pragmatics. 
A)  overextension. 
B)  fast mapping. 
C)  an appreciation of syntax. 
D)  an appreciation of pragmatics.

Question 8

Memory research is easier to conduct with children than with infants. However, one potential problem when children participate in memory studies is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they have no measurable working memory. 
B)  it is extremely difficult to motivate children to participate in research. 
C)  children's shape perception will not be mature until they are about 8 years old. 
D)  they may fail to understand the task instructions. 
A)  they have no measurable working memory. 
B)  it is extremely difficult to motivate children to participate in research. 
C)  children's shape perception will not be mature until they are about 8 years old. 
D)  they may fail to understand the task instructions.

Question 9

Which of the following examples would be most consistent with Marcus's (1996) rule-and-memory theory for children's choice of past-tense verbs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children systematically add "-ed" to every present-tense verb, to create a past-tense verb, and they remember this rule. 
B)  Children typically add "-ed" to present-tense verbs, but they have also learned the past tense of a small number of irregular verbs. 
C)  Children create a rule, based on adults' models of past tense, and the children store this rule in long-term memory. 
D)  Children keep a tally of the statistically likely pattern of past-tense words, and they retrieve this rule from memory when appropriate. 
A)  Children systematically add "-ed" to every present-tense verb, to create a past-tense verb, and they remember this rule. 
B)  Children typically add "-ed" to present-tense verbs, but they have also learned the past tense of a small number of irregular verbs. 
C)  Children create a rule, based on adults' models of past tense, and the children store this rule in long-term memory. 
D)  Children keep a tally of the statistically likely pattern of past-tense words, and they retrieve this rule from memory when appropriate.

Question 10

As discussed in Chapter 13, researchers admit that we do not yet have a complete explanation for the fact that-on some long-term tasks-elderly adults remember less than young adults. However, which of the following students provides the best summary of one factor that accounts for age-related differences?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sergei: "Elderly adults remember contextual cues better than young adults, and these cues tend to disrupt performance on explicit recall tasks." 
B)  Isabelle: "Elderly adults typically fail to use long-term memory strategies based on organization and imagery; as a result, information often cannot be retained in long-term memory." 
C)  Mandy: "Elderly adults are more likely than young adults to have difficulty paying attention, which can affect performance on memory tasks." 
D)  Christopher: "Elderly adults are much too confident about their memory skills, so they actually spend less time rehearsing the material." 
A)  Sergei: "Elderly adults remember contextual cues better than young adults, and these cues tend to disrupt performance on explicit recall tasks." 
B)  Isabelle: "Elderly adults typically fail to use long-term memory strategies based on organization and imagery; as a result, information often cannot be retained in long-term memory." 
C)  Mandy: "Elderly adults are more likely than young adults to have difficulty paying attention, which can affect performance on memory tasks." 
D)  Christopher: "Elderly adults are much too confident about their memory skills, so they actually spend less time rehearsing the material."

Question 11

Younger infants are actually more skilled than older infants and adults in

Accepted Answer

A)  recognizing their own names. 
B)  perceiving speech-sound contrasts in their native language. 
C)  recognizing similarities in speech sounds. 
D)  distinguishing speech sounds in unfamiliar languages. 
A)  recognizing their own names. 
B)  perceiving speech-sound contrasts in their native language. 
C)  recognizing similarities in speech sounds. 
D)  distinguishing speech sounds in unfamiliar languages.

Question 12

Suppose that a child uses the word baby to refer to toddlers and older children as well as infants. This would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  overregularization. 
B)  overextension. 
C)  incorrect syntax. 
D)  fast mapping. 
A)  overregularization. 
B)  overextension. 
C)  incorrect syntax. 
D)  fast mapping.

Question 13

On many long-term memory tasks, young adults remember more than older adults. However, the two groups are fairly similar

Accepted Answer

A)  when memory is measured in terms of recognition memory, rather than recall memory. 
B)  when working on an explicit memory task, rather than an implicit memory task. 
C)  when contextual cues are missing. 
D)  when recalling unrelated pairs of English words. 
A)  when memory is measured in terms of recognition memory, rather than recall memory. 
B)  when working on an explicit memory task, rather than an implicit memory task. 
C)  when contextual cues are missing. 
D)  when recalling unrelated pairs of English words.

Question 14

The research on the relationship between metamemory and children's memory performance is complicated. However, a general pattern is that

Accepted Answer

A)  children who have a well-developed metamemory tend to use strategies more wisely, but this does not improve their performance. 
B)  metamemory is relatively easy to measure in young children. 
C)  metamemory and memory performance are moderately correlated with each other. 
D)  the correlations between metamemory and memory performance are significant only when we study younger children. 
A)  children who have a well-developed metamemory tend to use strategies more wisely, but this does not improve their performance. 
B)  metamemory is relatively easy to measure in young children. 
C)  metamemory and memory performance are moderately correlated with each other. 
D)  the correlations between metamemory and memory performance are significant only when we study younger children.

Question 15

Chapter 13 discussed Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique, and its usefulness in testing infant memory. The basic logic behind this technique is that

Accepted Answer

A)  infants will prefer to look at complex objects, rather than simple objects. 
B)  infants will respond to their parents by gazing at them longer than they gaze at strangers. 
C)  infants will remember-after a delay-how to kick their leg in order to produce movement in a mobile. 
D)  infants can be classically conditioned to show a startle reflex to an unfamiliar sound. 
A)  infants will prefer to look at complex objects, rather than simple objects. 
B)  infants will respond to their parents by gazing at them longer than they gaze at strangers. 
C)  infants will remember-after a delay-how to kick their leg in order to produce movement in a mobile. 
D)  infants can be classically conditioned to show a startle reflex to an unfamiliar sound.

Question 16

The discussion of metacognition in elderly adults suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  adults typically experience a decline in all major metacognitive skills as they grow older. 
B)  young adults are more aware than elderly adults that some memory strategies are more effective than other memory strategies. 
C)  young adults are more accurate than elderly adults in predicting which items they will recall on a memory test. 
D)  young adults and elderly adults are reasonably similar in many metacognitive skills. 
A)  adults typically experience a decline in all major metacognitive skills as they grow older. 
B)  young adults are more aware than elderly adults that some memory strategies are more effective than other memory strategies. 
C)  young adults are more accurate than elderly adults in predicting which items they will recall on a memory test. 
D)  young adults and elderly adults are reasonably similar in many metacognitive skills.

Question 17

Imagine that you are babysitting for a 5-year-old girl named Chloe. You are telling Chloe about a trip you took last week. Chloe would be most likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  nod her head from time to time. 
B)  interrupt you continuously, because she has no appreciation for turn-taking. 
C)  fail to provide any indication that she is listening to you. 
D)  respond to you by using the same kind of language she would use for a younger child. 
A)  nod her head from time to time. 
B)  interrupt you continuously, because she has no appreciation for turn-taking. 
C)  fail to provide any indication that she is listening to you. 
D)  respond to you by using the same kind of language she would use for a younger child.

Question 18

Based on the information in Chapter 13, you could predict that elderly people would typically recall the most information on

Accepted Answer

A)  an explicit memory task in the morning. 
B)  an explicit memory task in the late afternoon. 
C)  an implicit memory task in the morning. 
D)  an implicit memory task in the late afternoon. 
A)  an explicit memory task in the morning. 
B)  an explicit memory task in the late afternoon. 
C)  an implicit memory task in the morning. 
D)  an implicit memory task in the late afternoon.

Question 19

Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center, and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than 1 year of age. Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop?

Accepted Answer

A)  The infants can recognize the sound of their own name. 
B)  The infants look longer at their mother when hearing the word "Mommy"; they look longer at their father when hearing the word "Daddy." 
C)  The infants have developed some sophisticated concepts, for example, realizing that an unfamiliar animal is likely to drink water. 
D)  The infants appreciate that an angry voice goes with an angry facial expression. 
A)  The infants can recognize the sound of their own name. 
B)  The infants look longer at their mother when hearing the word "Mommy"; they look longer at their father when hearing the word "Daddy." 
C)  The infants have developed some sophisticated concepts, for example, realizing that an unfamiliar animal is likely to drink water. 
D)  The infants appreciate that an angry voice goes with an angry facial expression.

Question 20

According to the research on children's memory strategies,

Accepted Answer

A)  even very young children make excellent use of the rehearsal strategy. 
B)  rehearsal is one of the most effective memory strategies. 
C)  young children typically group similar items together in order to learn lists of words. 
D)  young children can remember better if they use rehearsal strategies, but they typically do not use them spontaneously. 
A)  even very young children make excellent use of the rehearsal strategy. 
B)  rehearsal is one of the most effective memory strategies. 
C)  young children typically group similar items together in order to learn lists of words. 
D)  young children can remember better if they use rehearsal strategies, but they typically do not use them spontaneously.

Some of the research on children's eyewitness testimony has important implications for the courtroom. According to that research,

Suppose that your elderly uncle is coming to visit. You are concerned because you will be discussing some important issues and do not want to overload his working memory. Based on the information in Chapter 13, you would suspect that

According to research about the importance of context in infant memory,

The discussion of working memory in elderly people pointed out that

Chapter 13 discussed research about whether 12-18-month-old children can learn language by watching a DVD. The DVD shows a household object, while a voiceover says the object's name. According to the results, children learned significantly more words

According to the research on prospective memory, elderly people

A mother hands little Marc his familiar bowl, which contains a red fruit he has never seen before. She says, "Look, here are some strawberries!" When he sees this same fruit at dinnertime, he points and says a word something like "strawberries." Marc is demonstrating

Memory research is easier to conduct with children than with infants. However, one potential problem when children participate in memory studies is that

Which of the following examples would be most consistent with Marcus's (1996) rule-and-memory theory for children's choice of past-tense verbs?

Younger infants are actually more skilled than older infants and adults in

Suppose that a child uses the word baby to refer to toddlers and older children as well as infants. This would be an example of

On many long-term memory tasks, young adults remember more than older adults. However, the two groups are fairly similar

The research on the relationship between metamemory and children's memory performance is complicated. However, a general pattern is that

Chapter 13 discussed Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique, and its usefulness in testing infant memory. The basic logic behind this technique is that

The discussion of metacognition in elderly adults suggests that

Imagine that you are babysitting for a 5-year-old girl named Chloe. You are telling Chloe about a trip you took last week. Chloe would be most likely to

Based on the information in Chapter 13, you could predict that elderly people would typically recall the most information on

Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center, and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than 1 year of age. Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop?

According to the research on children's memory strategies,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters

Exam 13: Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Some of the research on children's eyewitness testimony has important implications for the courtroom. According to that research,

Suppose that your elderly uncle is coming to visit. You are concerned because you will be discussing some important issues and do not want to overload his working memory. Based on the information in Chapter 13, you would suspect that

According to research about the importance of context in infant memory,

The discussion of working memory in elderly people pointed out that

Chapter 13 discussed research about whether 12-18-month-old children can learn language by watching a DVD. The DVD shows a household object, while a voiceover says the object's name. According to the results, children learned significantly more words

According to the research on prospective memory, elderly people

A mother hands little Marc his familiar bowl, which contains a red fruit he has never seen before. She says, "Look, here are some strawberries!" When he sees this same fruit at dinnertime, he points and says a word something like "strawberries." Marc is demonstrating

Memory research is easier to conduct with children than with infants. However, one potential problem when children participate in memory studies is that

Which of the following examples would be most consistent with Marcus's (1996) rule-and-memory theory for children's choice of past-tense verbs?

Younger infants are actually more skilled than older infants and adults in

Suppose that a child uses the word baby to refer to toddlers and older children as well as infants. This would be an example of

On many long-term memory tasks, young adults remember more than older adults. However, the two groups are fairly similar

The research on the relationship between metamemory and children's memory performance is complicated. However, a general pattern is that

Chapter 13 discussed Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique, and its usefulness in testing infant memory. The basic logic behind this technique is that

The discussion of metacognition in elderly adults suggests that

Imagine that you are babysitting for a 5-year-old girl named Chloe. You are telling Chloe about a trip you took last week. Chloe would be most likely to

Based on the information in Chapter 13, you could predict that elderly people would typically recall the most information on

Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center, and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than 1 year of age. Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop?

According to the research on children's memory strategies,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language Ii: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Filters