Question 1

According to the discussion of the "false memory controversy,"

Accepted Answer

A)  we have extensive evidence that people repress painful memories and later recover them. 
B)  in some cases, therapists have suggested that unpleasant events may have occurred during childhood, and people may mistakenly believe that they actually occurred. 
C)  researchers have constructed a checklist to determine whether an individual is telling the truth about an early life event; this checklist has high validity. 
D)  the research shows that people seldom make errors; when they say they experienced an event, it is almost certain that they did so. 
A)  we have extensive evidence that people repress painful memories and later recover them. 
B)  in some cases, therapists have suggested that unpleasant events may have occurred during childhood, and people may mistakenly believe that they actually occurred. 
C)  researchers have constructed a checklist to determine whether an individual is telling the truth about an early life event; this checklist has high validity. 
D)  the research shows that people seldom make errors; when they say they experienced an event, it is almost certain that they did so.

Question 2

Consider this sentence: "I know that the winters in Wisconsin are colder than the winters in New Jersey." This sentence is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  episodic memory. 
B)  semantic memory. 
C)  source monitoring. 
D)  memory encoding. 
A)  episodic memory. 
B)  semantic memory. 
C)  source monitoring. 
D)  memory encoding.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Before dinner tonight, I must go to the fitness center. 
B)  I recall the first time I ever thought about becoming a psychology major. 
C)  I remember seeing the word consciousness in the third chapter of this textbook. 
D)  I know that cabbage tastes bitter. 
A)  Before dinner tonight, I must go to the fitness center. 
B)  I recall the first time I ever thought about becoming a psychology major. 
C)  I remember seeing the word consciousness in the third chapter of this textbook. 
D)  I know that cabbage tastes bitter.

Question 4

Suppose that Joe experienced a hurricane about 18 months ago. His cousin Sam read about the hurricane in the newspaper, but he did not experience it. Which of the following would be most likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  Joe would actually recall very little information about the hurricane, due to repression and other avoidance strategies. 
B)  Joe would seldom think about the hurricane; if asked, however, he could accurately reconstruct the details. 
C)  Joe's recall would be more accurate than Sam's, even if it is not perfect. 
D)  Joe and Sam would have fairly similar patterns of recall, despite the differences in their experience with the hurricane. 
A)  Joe would actually recall very little information about the hurricane, due to repression and other avoidance strategies. 
B)  Joe would seldom think about the hurricane; if asked, however, he could accurately reconstruct the details. 
C)  Joe's recall would be more accurate than Sam's, even if it is not perfect. 
D)  Joe and Sam would have fairly similar patterns of recall, despite the differences in their experience with the hurricane.

Question 5

Imagine that you have to turn the clocks ahead for daylight saving time. You manage to recall the rather complex system by which you can advance the clock in your car. This skill is an example of your

Accepted Answer

A)  working memory. 
B)  semantic memory. 
C)  episodic memory. 
D)  procedural memory. 
A)  working memory. 
B)  semantic memory. 
C)  episodic memory. 
D)  procedural memory.

Question 6

Over time, unpleasant memories

Accepted Answer

A)  never fade. 
B)  fade less than pleasant memories. 
C)  fade about the same as pleasant memories. 
D)  fade more than pleasant memories. 
A)  never fade. 
B)  fade less than pleasant memories. 
C)  fade about the same as pleasant memories. 
D)  fade more than pleasant memories.

Question 7

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

Accepted Answer

A)  is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time. 
B)  is more likely when tested by recognition, rather than recall. 
C)  works only for negative or neutral events. 
D)  works best when testing physical context, rather than mental context. 
A)  is more likely when items have been in memory for a long time. 
B)  is more likely when tested by recognition, rather than recall. 
C)  works only for negative or neutral events. 
D)  works best when testing physical context, rather than mental context.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory task?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recognizing which advertisements had been presented 1 hour ago and which ones are new 
B)  Recalling the names of popular fairy tales 
C)  Matching French vocabulary words with their English translations 
D)  Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied 
A)  Recognizing which advertisements had been presented 1 hour ago and which ones are new 
B)  Recalling the names of popular fairy tales 
C)  Matching French vocabulary words with their English translations 
D)  Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Question 9

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Accepted Answer

A)  government agencies, corporations, and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors. 
B)  source-monitoring errors are generally easy to correct. 
C)  people are almost always accurate in recognizing which ideas from an earlier session were actually their own. 
D)  source monitoring occurs fairly often for visual information, but only rarely for auditory information. 
A)  government agencies, corporations, and the media sometimes make source-monitoring errors. 
B)  source-monitoring errors are generally easy to correct. 
C)  people are almost always accurate in recognizing which ideas from an earlier session were actually their own. 
D)  source monitoring occurs fairly often for visual information, but only rarely for auditory information.

Question 10

Suppose that you have spent some time thinking about how you are going to discuss a certain issue with a friend. Later, you try to decide whether you had actually discussed this issue, or whether you simply imagined doing so. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit memory. 
B)  schematization of memory. 
C)  reality monitoring. 
D)  mood congruence. 
A)  implicit memory. 
B)  schematization of memory. 
C)  reality monitoring. 
D)  mood congruence.

Question 11

Research on expertise in memory indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  experts do not really perform substantially better than other people on memory tasks, when you consider memory for material related to their area of expertise. 
B)  experts are usually accurate in reconstructing missing parts of information from material that they partially remember. 
C)  experts typically have both a well-organized knowledge structure in a particular area and outstanding general memory skills. 
D)  expertise is primarily helpful because it exercises the mind, similar to the way a body-builder exercises the muscles of the body. 
A)  experts do not really perform substantially better than other people on memory tasks, when you consider memory for material related to their area of expertise. 
B)  experts are usually accurate in reconstructing missing parts of information from material that they partially remember. 
C)  experts typically have both a well-organized knowledge structure in a particular area and outstanding general memory skills. 
D)  expertise is primarily helpful because it exercises the mind, similar to the way a body-builder exercises the muscles of the body.

Question 12

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories. 
B)  Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event. 
C)  More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information. 
D)  Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be. 
A)  Recently learned material may interfere with the older memories. 
B)  Information gathered prior to an event may somehow bias the way you perceive the event. 
C)  More vivid information will be recalled more accurately than less vivid information. 
D)  Eyewitnesses are less confident than they should be.

Question 13

Which of the following eyewitnesses would be most likely to accurately identify an attacker?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mary, who was threatened with a gun 
B)  Jose, who saw a lineup over a year after the crime occurred 
C)  Courtney, who identified a pickpocket from a lineup in which the investigating officer was careful to give her no feedback 
D)  Sam, who was questioned with leading questions containing plausible but incorrect details 
A)  Mary, who was threatened with a gun 
B)  Jose, who saw a lineup over a year after the crime occurred 
C)  Courtney, who identified a pickpocket from a lineup in which the investigating officer was careful to give her no feedback 
D)  Sam, who was questioned with leading questions containing plausible but incorrect details

Question 14

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. According to this discussion, eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

Accepted Answer

A)  someone was carrying a weapon. 
B)  there was a long delay between the event and the eyewitness testimony. 
C)  the misinformation is believable. 
D)  there is no social pressure for the witness to supply information. 
A)  someone was carrying a weapon. 
B)  there was a long delay between the event and the eyewitness testimony. 
C)  the misinformation is believable. 
D)  there is no social pressure for the witness to supply information.

Question 15

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  we recall something better if we are in the same context in which we originally learned the material. 
B)  we recall something better if we are in a context that is moderately different from the original learning context-not too similar and not too different. 
C)  recall depends upon how specific the instructions are; vague instructions lead to poor recall. 
D)  it is more effective to encode material during learning than to decode the material during recall. 
A)  we recall something better if we are in the same context in which we originally learned the material. 
B)  we recall something better if we are in a context that is moderately different from the original learning context-not too similar and not too different. 
C)  recall depends upon how specific the instructions are; vague instructions lead to poor recall. 
D)  it is more effective to encode material during learning than to decode the material during recall.

Question 16

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Accepted Answer

A)  serial processing. 
B)  automatic processing. 
C)  sensory memory. 
D)  elaboration. 
A)  serial processing. 
B)  automatic processing. 
C)  sensory memory. 
D)  elaboration.

Question 17

Your memory for the issues and events that are related to your own life is called

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit memory. 
B)  encoding specificity. 
C)  elaboration. 
D)  autobiographical memory. 
A)  implicit memory. 
B)  encoding specificity. 
C)  elaboration. 
D)  autobiographical memory.

Question 18

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Accepted Answer

A)  they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be. 
B)  they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories. 
C)  their confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the accuracy of the testimony. 
D)  their confidence is reduced because of the constructivist effect. 
A)  they are typically more correct than they estimate themselves to be. 
B)  they are almost as confident about their incorrect memories as they are about their correct memories. 
C)  their confidence about their eyewitness testimony is strongly correlated with the accuracy of the testimony. 
D)  their confidence is reduced because of the constructivist effect.

Question 19

Which of the following students' statements is the best summary of the consistency bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  Victor: "We are highly accurate in remembering events that happened to us personally." 
B)  Kyoko: "According to the consistency bias, we are consistently biased toward memories that enhance our self-esteem." 
C)  Harlan: "We often tend to adjust our memories in order to be consistent with the shared recall of friends and family members." 
D)  Nimian: "We sometimes exaggerate the extent to which our past ideas are consistent with our present ideas." 
A)  Victor: "We are highly accurate in remembering events that happened to us personally." 
B)  Kyoko: "According to the consistency bias, we are consistently biased toward memories that enhance our self-esteem." 
C)  Harlan: "We often tend to adjust our memories in order to be consistent with the shared recall of friends and family members." 
D)  Nimian: "We sometimes exaggerate the extent to which our past ideas are consistent with our present ideas."

Question 20

According to the research on flashbulb memories,

Accepted Answer

A)  researchers agree that flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than memories for other important events. 
B)  people claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies. 
C)  flashbulb memories are accurate only for unpleasant memories, rather than for pleasant ones. 
D)  during the current era, no researcher has demonstrated more accurate recall for these significant life events. 
A)  researchers agree that flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than memories for other important events. 
B)  people claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies. 
C)  flashbulb memories are accurate only for unpleasant memories, rather than for pleasant ones. 
D)  during the current era, no researcher has demonstrated more accurate recall for these significant life events.

According to the discussion of the "false memory controversy,"

Consider this sentence: "I know that the winters in Wisconsin are colder than the winters in New Jersey." This sentence is an example of

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Suppose that Joe experienced a hurricane about 18 months ago. His cousin Sam read about the hurricane in the newspaper, but he did not experience it. Which of the following would be most likely?

Imagine that you have to turn the clocks ahead for daylight saving time. You manage to recall the rather complex system by which you can advance the clock in your car. This skill is an example of your

Over time, unpleasant memories

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory task?

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Suppose that you have spent some time thinking about how you are going to discuss a certain issue with a friend. Later, you try to decide whether you had actually discussed this issue, or whether you simply imagined doing so. This is an example of

Research on expertise in memory indicates that

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

Which of the following eyewitnesses would be most likely to accurately identify an attacker?

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. According to this discussion, eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Your memory for the issues and events that are related to your own life is called

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Which of the following students' statements is the best summary of the consistency bias?

According to the research on flashbulb memories,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 5: Long-Term Memory

According to the discussion of the "false memory controversy,"

Consider this sentence: "I know that the winters in Wisconsin are colder than the winters in New Jersey." This sentence is an example of

Which of the following is an example of semantic memory?

Suppose that Joe experienced a hurricane about 18 months ago. His cousin Sam read about the hurricane in the newspaper, but he did not experience it. Which of the following would be most likely?

Imagine that you have to turn the clocks ahead for daylight saving time. You manage to recall the rather complex system by which you can advance the clock in your car. This skill is an example of your

Over time, unpleasant memories

The research on encoding specificity shows that the effect

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory task?

According to the research and discussion about source monitoring,

Suppose that you have spent some time thinking about how you are going to discuss a certain issue with a friend. Later, you try to decide whether you had actually discussed this issue, or whether you simply imagined doing so. This is an example of

Research on expertise in memory indicates that

Why is retroactive interference relevant to the post-event misinformation effect?

Which of the following eyewitnesses would be most likely to accurately identify an attacker?

Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. According to this discussion, eyewitness testimony is most likely to be accurate when

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

Suppose that when you hear a new acquaintance's name, Chris Money, you think about the meaning of the name Money, including both coins and dollar bills, and the importance of money in our culture. The kind of processing you would be using is called

Your memory for the issues and events that are related to your own life is called

When people estimate their confidence while providing eyewitness testimony,

Which of the following students' statements is the best summary of the consistency bias?

According to the research on flashbulb memories,

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters