Question 1

Chapter 4 discusses neuroscience research on the central executive. According to this discussion, the central executive

Accepted Answer

A)  is primarily controlled by brain structures located below the cortex. 
B)  is primarily controlled by brain structures at the back of the cortex. 
C)  is primarily controlled by portions of the frontal lobe. 
D)  apparently does not have a consistent connection with any part of the brain, at least according to the current research. 
A)  is primarily controlled by brain structures located below the cortex. 
B)  is primarily controlled by brain structures at the back of the cortex. 
C)  is primarily controlled by portions of the frontal lobe. 
D)  apparently does not have a consistent connection with any part of the brain, at least according to the current research.

Question 2

Suppose that a friend asks you what movies you have seen within the past year. Your recall is especially accurate for the movies you saw during the last 2 weeks. This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

A)  chunking. 
B)  the recency effect. 
C)  the primacy effect. 
D)  proactive interference. 
A)  chunking. 
B)  the recency effect. 
C)  the primacy effect. 
D)  proactive interference.

Question 3

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B)  There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C)  The material can pass directly into long-term memory, without first entering short-term memory. 
D)  The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large. 
A)  The final words in a list are recalled accurately because they are still in short-term memory. 
B)  There is a clear-cut difference between pattern perception and short-term memory. 
C)  The material can pass directly into long-term memory, without first entering short-term memory. 
D)  The recency effect showed that the capacity of short-term memory is extremely large.

Question 4

Suppose that you are looking at a complex, detailed painting of a dog. Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

Accepted Answer

A)  hearing the sound of a barking dog 
B)  creating an auditory image of a favorite song 
C)  creating a mental image of a dog that you actually see every day 
D)  adding three single-digit numbers together 
A)  hearing the sound of a barking dog 
B)  creating an auditory image of a favorite song 
C)  creating a mental image of a dog that you actually see every day 
D)  adding three single-digit numbers together

Question 5

As Chapter 4 discusses, John Brown, Lloyd Peterson, and Margaret Peterson created a classic technique for assessing short-term memory. In this technique, people saw some stimuli, counted backwards by threes during the delay period, and then tried to recall the original stimuli. The results of their research showed that

Accepted Answer

A)  people could recall up to 10 stimuli, after a delay period of 3 minutes. 
B)  people systematically recalled only 10% of the stimuli, on each trial in the study. 
C)  at the beginning of the session, people could recall only 20% of the items; by the end of the session, they recalled about 40% of the items. 
D)  after many previous trials, people had difficulty recalling the stimuli, even with only a short delay. 
A)  people could recall up to 10 stimuli, after a delay period of 3 minutes. 
B)  people systematically recalled only 10% of the stimuli, on each trial in the study. 
C)  at the beginning of the session, people could recall only 20% of the items; by the end of the session, they recalled about 40% of the items. 
D)  after many previous trials, people had difficulty recalling the stimuli, even with only a short delay.

Question 6

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Accepted Answer

A)  Samantha: "People who have an unusually large capacity in their episodic buffer are likely to earn poor grades in school." 
B)  Aroona: "People who are especially skilled on a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension." 
C)  Sanjay: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; most academic tasks require the equal participation of all four components of working memory." 
D)  James: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; there is no relationship between central-executive skills and a wide variety of other measures that should be related to the central executive and a wide variety of academic skills." 
A)  Samantha: "People who have an unusually large capacity in their episodic buffer are likely to earn poor grades in school." 
B)  Aroona: "People who are especially skilled on a task that uses the central executive are likely to score high in reading comprehension." 
C)  Sanjay: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; most academic tasks require the equal participation of all four components of working memory." 
D)  James: "The research failed to support Baddeley's model; there is no relationship between central-executive skills and a wide variety of other measures that should be related to the central executive and a wide variety of academic skills."

Question 7

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley, this feature

Accepted Answer

A)  is an important component of the central executive. 
B)  keeps a permanent record of the associations between the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. 
C)  allows you to make connections among the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and information from long-term memory. 
D)  preserves emotional characteristics that are connected with earlier events. 
A)  is an important component of the central executive. 
B)  keeps a permanent record of the associations between the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. 
C)  allows you to make connections among the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and information from long-term memory. 
D)  preserves emotional characteristics that are connected with earlier events.

Question 8

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956) article on the size of short-term memory. According to your text, this article was important in cognitive psychology because

Accepted Answer

A)  it clearly established the rigid limits of short-term memory's size. 
B)  it demonstrated that short-term memory was distinctly different from long-term memory. 
C)  it focused on a cognitive process-mentally converting the stimulus-at a time when most psychologists focused on people's external behavior. 
D)  it showed that the key to the limits of short-term memory was the amount of time required to pronounce the stimuli. 
A)  it clearly established the rigid limits of short-term memory's size. 
B)  it demonstrated that short-term memory was distinctly different from long-term memory. 
C)  it focused on a cognitive process-mentally converting the stimulus-at a time when most psychologists focused on people's external behavior. 
D)  it showed that the key to the limits of short-term memory was the amount of time required to pronounce the stimuli.

Question 9

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Accepted Answer

A)  almost all the stimuli that pass through sensory memory will end up in long-term memory. 
B)  we need to identify the biological correlates of memory. 
C)  memory can be represented as a series of stages in which information is passed between separate storage areas. 
D)  an item is more likely to be stored in memory if it is accompanied by insight. 
A)  almost all the stimuli that pass through sensory memory will end up in long-term memory. 
B)  we need to identify the biological correlates of memory. 
C)  memory can be represented as a series of stages in which information is passed between separate storage areas. 
D)  an item is more likely to be stored in memory if it is accompanied by insight.

Question 10

Baddeley's model of working memory proposes a feature called the "phonological loop." This feature allows you to

Accepted Answer

A)  solve geometric problems. 
B)  store the sound of someone's name. 
C)  rotate mental images. 
D)  determine whether one number is larger or smaller than another. 
A)  solve geometric problems. 
B)  store the sound of someone's name. 
C)  rotate mental images. 
D)  determine whether one number is larger or smaller than another.

Question 11

In the discussion of working memory, why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995) conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

Accepted Answer

A)  People daydreamed more creatively when they were instructed to use their central executive. 
B)  People typically used their sensory receptors for this task, so the central executive was automatically activated. 
C)  People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming. 
D)  People reported that they could not daydream in vivid detail if they were simultaneously engaged in another task that required the central executive. 
A)  People daydreamed more creatively when they were instructed to use their central executive. 
B)  People typically used their sensory receptors for this task, so the central executive was automatically activated. 
C)  People could generate a sequence of random numbers more successfully if they were not daydreaming. 
D)  People reported that they could not daydream in vivid detail if they were simultaneously engaged in another task that required the central executive.

Question 12

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students, and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them. They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

Accepted Answer

A)  the primacy effect. 
B)  the rehearsal effect. 
C)  the chunking effect. 
D)  the recency effect. 
A)  the primacy effect. 
B)  the rehearsal effect. 
C)  the chunking effect. 
D)  the recency effect.

Question 13

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it's difficult to find ecologically valid situations in which the visuospatial sketchpad is relevant. 
B)  participants are more likely to guess the correct answer, compared to studies that focus on the phonological loop. 
C)  participants may spontaneously provide a verbal label for a shape, so the task may actually use the phonological loop. 
D)  visual information must be presented more slowly than phonological information. 
A)  it's difficult to find ecologically valid situations in which the visuospatial sketchpad is relevant. 
B)  participants are more likely to guess the correct answer, compared to studies that focus on the phonological loop. 
C)  participants may spontaneously provide a verbal label for a shape, so the task may actually use the phonological loop. 
D)  visual information must be presented more slowly than phonological information.

Question 14

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Accepted Answer

A)  is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B)  is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  is different from the phonological loop, because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D)  is different from the phonological loop, because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity. 
A)  is similar to the phonological loop because each has a limited capacity. 
B)  is similar to the phonological loop because each is primarily handled by the left hemisphere of the brain. 
C)  is different from the phonological loop, because the visuospatial sketchpad does not have a limited capacity. 
D)  is different from the phonological loop, because the phonological loop does not have a limited capacity.

Question 15

Baddeley chose the metaphor of a "workbench" to represent his model of working memory because

Accepted Answer

A)  his model was straightforward, just like all the components of an actual workbench. 
B)  his model emphasizes the spatial components of working memory, and a workbench emphasizes spatial projects, rather than verbal projects. 
C)  rehearsal is important in memory, and rehearsal is also important when you think about projects that would require a workbench. 
D)  working memory focuses on a wide variety of projects, and a workbench can also handle a wide variety of projects. 
A)  his model was straightforward, just like all the components of an actual workbench. 
B)  his model emphasizes the spatial components of working memory, and a workbench emphasizes spatial projects, rather than verbal projects. 
C)  rehearsal is important in memory, and rehearsal is also important when you think about projects that would require a workbench. 
D)  working memory focuses on a wide variety of projects, and a workbench can also handle a wide variety of projects.

Question 16

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

Accepted Answer

A)  encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B)  long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C)  material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D)  material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay, compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning. 
A)  encoding in working memory is almost exclusively acoustic. 
B)  long-term memory can supplement the acoustic basis of working memory. 
C)  material in working memory can be stored in terms of meaning. 
D)  material in working memory that has been stored in terms of sound is easier to recall after a brief delay, compared to material that has been stored in terms of meaning.

Question 17

George Miller's (1956) classic article, on the magical number seven, introduced the concept of a chunk. According to Miller's terminology, a chunk

Accepted Answer

A)  should be measured in terms of the number of items that can be spoken within a 30-second interval. 
B)  is the basic unit in short-term memory. 
C)  is the portion of the brain in which short-term memories are stored. 
D)  is the maximum limit of your short-term memory. 
A)  should be measured in terms of the number of items that can be spoken within a 30-second interval. 
B)  is the basic unit in short-term memory. 
C)  is the portion of the brain in which short-term memories are stored. 
D)  is the maximum limit of your short-term memory.

Chapter 4 discusses neuroscience research on the central executive. According to this discussion, the central executive

Suppose that a friend asks you what movies you have seen within the past year. Your recall is especially accurate for the movies you saw during the last 2 weeks. This phenomenon is called

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

Suppose that you are looking at a complex, detailed painting of a dog. Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley, this feature

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956) article on the size of short-term memory. According to your text, this article was important in cognitive psychology because

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Baddeley's model of working memory proposes a feature called the "phonological loop." This feature allows you to

In the discussion of working memory, why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995) conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students, and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them. They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Baddeley chose the metaphor of a "workbench" to represent his model of working memory because

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

George Miller's (1956) classic article, on the magical number seven, introduced the concept of a chunk. According to Miller's terminology, a chunk

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 4: Working Memory

Chapter 4 discusses neuroscience research on the central executive. According to this discussion, the central executive

Suppose that a friend asks you what movies you have seen within the past year. Your recall is especially accurate for the movies you saw during the last 2 weeks. This phenomenon is called

Chapter 4 discussed research on the recency effect. How is this research related to short-term memory?

Suppose that you are looking at a complex, detailed painting of a dog. Which of the following working-memory tasks would interfere most with your ability to form a clear image of this painting?

The chapter on working memory discussed several studies about individual differences in working memory. Which of the following students provides the best information about how working memory is related to academic skills?

Baddeley's model of working memory now includes a feature called the "episodic buffer." According to Baddeley, this feature

One of the most widely cited articles in psychology is George Miller's (1956) article on the size of short-term memory. According to your text, this article was important in cognitive psychology because

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,

Baddeley's model of working memory proposes a feature called the "phonological loop." This feature allows you to

In the discussion of working memory, why did Teasdale and his colleagues (1995) conclude that daydreaming is processed by the central executive?

Imagine that you are tutoring high school students, and you have quickly presented 12 new terms to them. They are likely to recall the first few terms most accurately because of

One reason that the visuospatial sketchpad is more challenging to study than the phonological loop is that

According to Baddeley's approach to working memory, the visuospatial sketchpad

Baddeley chose the metaphor of a "workbench" to represent his model of working memory because

Your textbook discussed the research on release from proactive interference in working memory. One study used five different categories of words, such as fruits and occupations. The results of this study indicated that

George Miller's (1956) classic article, on the magical number seven, introduced the concept of a chunk. According to Miller's terminology, a chunk

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Visual and Auditory Recognition

Attention and Consciousness

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters