Question 1

What developmental outcome is correlated with infants who habituate rapidly in the first 6 to 8 months of life?

Accepted Answer

A) They are quicker to understand and use language during the second year. 
B) They will typically score lower on standardized intelligence tests later in childhood. 
C) They are more likely to be bored and to demonstrate poor social skills in adolescence. 
D) They have adequate development of language skills but demonstrate poor social skills throughout childhood. 
A) They are quicker to understand and use language during the second year. 
B) They will typically score lower on standardized intelligence tests later in childhood. 
C) They are more likely to be bored and to demonstrate poor social skills in adolescence. 
D) They have adequate development of language skills but demonstrate poor social skills throughout childhood.

Question 2

According to Bandura, a child's observational learning involves the acquisition of symbolic representations of the model's behaviour.Which finding is most consistent with this viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

A) Children reproduce more of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. 
B) Describing the model's behaviour during observation has no effect on learning. 
C) Children reproduce less of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. 
D) Children who count out loud during observation of the model show increased learning. 
A) Children reproduce more of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. 
B) Describing the model's behaviour during observation has no effect on learning. 
C) Children reproduce less of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. 
D) Children who count out loud during observation of the model show increased learning.

Question 3

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However, a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon, according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

Accepted Answer

A) Learning clearly took place because your initial performance was error free. 
B) Learning took place, but it was only temporary. 
C) Learning occurred but declined because you habituated to the test material. 
D) Learning never occurred because your behaviour change was only temporary. 
A) Learning clearly took place because your initial performance was error free. 
B) Learning took place, but it was only temporary. 
C) Learning occurred but declined because you habituated to the test material. 
D) Learning never occurred because your behaviour change was only temporary.

Question 4

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Accepted Answer

A) All neonates readily show classical conditioning of a broad range of responses. 
B) Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses. 
C) Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because they process information too slowly to make the CS-UCS association. 
D) Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because of insufficient working memory capabilities. 
A) All neonates readily show classical conditioning of a broad range of responses. 
B) Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses. 
C) Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because they process information too slowly to make the CS-UCS association. 
D) Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because of insufficient working memory capabilities.

Question 5

Identify the three key components in the definition of learning according to Domjan.Provide an example to illustrate each point.

Accepted Answer

According to Domjan, the three key compo

Question 6

In addition to her demonstration that 2- and 3-month-olds can learn to kick vigorously when it results in movement of a mobile, what else did Rovee-Collier demonstrate with respect the development of infant memory?

Accepted Answer

A) They can remember for a few days without a prompt and for at least 18 days with a prompt. 
B) They can remember only if given a prompt, whether tested at 3, 7, or 18 days. 
C) They can remember for a few days without a prompt but cannot retrieve the memory after 18 days even with a prompt. 
D) They cannot remember when tested at 3 days even if given a prompt. 
A) They can remember for a few days without a prompt and for at least 18 days with a prompt. 
B) They can remember only if given a prompt, whether tested at 3, 7, or 18 days. 
C) They can remember for a few days without a prompt but cannot retrieve the memory after 18 days even with a prompt. 
D) They cannot remember when tested at 3 days even if given a prompt.

Question 7

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks, his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Accepted Answer

A) He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day. 
B) He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks. 
C) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age. 
D) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age. 
A) He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day. 
B) He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks. 
C) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age. 
D) He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age.

Question 8

Which of the following is the best example of extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Thea used to love horror movies.Although she says she cannot account for it, she no longer likes them. 
B) Jai loved to snowboard.One day she lost control, her board hit a tree, and Jai broke both legs.The following winter-even though completely healed-Jai was no longer willing to snowboard. 
C) Panav's cat, Boots, ran to the kitchen whenever she heard the food cupboard door squeak.After Panav oiled the hinges, Boots stopped running to the kitchen whenever the door was opened. 
D) Damian must stop drinking alcohol.The first few times Damian drank non-alcoholic beer he felt relaxed after one sip.However, after drinking non-alcoholic beer for a week, Damian no longer feels relaxed after one sip. 
A) Thea used to love horror movies.Although she says she cannot account for it, she no longer likes them. 
B) Jai loved to snowboard.One day she lost control, her board hit a tree, and Jai broke both legs.The following winter-even though completely healed-Jai was no longer willing to snowboard. 
C) Panav's cat, Boots, ran to the kitchen whenever she heard the food cupboard door squeak.After Panav oiled the hinges, Boots stopped running to the kitchen whenever the door was opened. 
D) Damian must stop drinking alcohol.The first few times Damian drank non-alcoholic beer he felt relaxed after one sip.However, after drinking non-alcoholic beer for a week, Damian no longer feels relaxed after one sip.

Question 9

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) The infant detects that the new stimulus is different. 
B) The infant learns easily, but perception is more difficult. 
C) The infant's evoked potentials have been activated. 
D) The infant does not detect that the new stimulus is different. 
A) The infant detects that the new stimulus is different. 
B) The infant learns easily, but perception is more difficult. 
C) The infant's evoked potentials have been activated. 
D) The infant does not detect that the new stimulus is different.

Question 10

Describe what is known about touch, temperature, and pain perception in newborns.

Accepted Answer

Touch, temperature, and pain perception

Question 11

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

Accepted Answer

A) It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills. 
B) It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences. 
C) It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system. 
D) It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills. 
A) It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills. 
B) It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences. 
C) It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system. 
D) It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.

Question 12

As our perceptual processes mature, we lose the ability to detect sensory information that is not of cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development, what is this change thought to be due to?

Accepted Answer

A) learning 
B) stereotypic norms 
C) dynamic systems 
D) maturation 
A) learning 
B) stereotypic norms 
C) dynamic systems 
D) maturation

Question 13

Most mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Accepted Answer

A) It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns. 
B) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice. 
C) Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old. 
D) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.Scenario 7.1 Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning. 
A) It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns. 
B) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice. 
C) Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old. 
D) Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.Scenario 7.1 Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 14

Explain what is meant by deferred imitation, and outline how this ability develops between 9 and 24 months of age.

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation refers to the ability

Question 15

When you become bored because your surroundings remain stable over time, which type of learning are you demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) operant conditioning 
D) habituation 
A) classical conditioning 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) operant conditioning 
D) habituation

Question 16

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

Accepted Answer

A) preference 
B) habituation 
C) evoked potentials 
D) high-amplitude sucking
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning. 
A) preference 
B) habituation 
C) evoked potentials 
D) high-amplitude sucking
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 17

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anesthesia?

Accepted Answer

A) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward. 
B) They show little response to the surgery if they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure. 
C) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward. 
D) They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little observable reaction. 
A) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward. 
B) They show little response to the surgery if they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure. 
C) They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward. 
D) They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little observable reaction.

Question 18

What is the term for any event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) punisher 
C) reinforcer 
D) unconditioned stimulus 
A) conditioned stimulus 
B) punisher 
C) reinforcer 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 19

Which children are most likely to reproduce a behaviour that had been modelled several weeks earlier?

Accepted Answer

A) those who have generated images of the model's behaviour 
B) those who have watched the model silently and attentively 
C) those who have produced verbal labels that "capture" the essence of the model's behaviour 
D) those who have been told to carefully pay attention to the model's actions 
A) those who have generated images of the model's behaviour 
B) those who have watched the model silently and attentively 
C) those who have produced verbal labels that "capture" the essence of the model's behaviour 
D) those who have been told to carefully pay attention to the model's actions

Question 20

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Accepted Answer

A) No, it has no predictive value. 
B) Yes, it is predictive of higher scores. 
C) Yes, it is predictive of lower scores. 
D) No, it has no predictive value for intelligence, but it does indicate perceptual abnormalities. 
A) No, it has no predictive value. 
B) Yes, it is predictive of higher scores. 
C) Yes, it is predictive of lower scores. 
D) No, it has no predictive value for intelligence, but it does indicate perceptual abnormalities.

What developmental outcome is correlated with infants who habituate rapidly in the first 6 to 8 months of life?

According to Bandura, a child's observational learning involves the acquisition of symbolic representations of the model's behaviour.Which finding is most consistent with this viewpoint?

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However, a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon, according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Identify the three key components in the definition of learning according to Domjan.Provide an example to illustrate each point.

In addition to her demonstration that 2- and 3-month-olds can learn to kick vigorously when it results in movement of a mobile, what else did Rovee-Collier demonstrate with respect the development of infant memory?

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks, his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Which of the following is the best example of extinction in classical conditioning?

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

Describe what is known about touch, temperature, and pain perception in newborns.

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

As our perceptual processes mature, we lose the ability to detect sensory information that is not of cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development, what is this change thought to be due to?

Most mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Explain what is meant by deferred imitation, and outline how this ability develops between 9 and 24 months of age.

When you become bored because your surroundings remain stable over time, which type of learning are you demonstrating?

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anesthesia?

What is the term for any event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows?

Which children are most likely to reproduce a behaviour that had been modelled several weeks earlier?

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development: the Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and the Beginnings of Sexual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory, Cases Neo-Piagetian Theory, and Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint

Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism

Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities, and Gender-Role Development

Moral Development and Aggression

The Family

Beyond the Family Context: Peers, Schools, and Media Technologies

Filters

Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning

What developmental outcome is correlated with infants who habituate rapidly in the first 6 to 8 months of life?

According to Bandura, a child's observational learning involves the acquisition of symbolic representations of the model's behaviour.Which finding is most consistent with this viewpoint?

Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent.However, a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material.Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon, according to Domjan's criteria for learning?

Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates?

Identify the three key components in the definition of learning according to Domjan.Provide an example to illustrate each point.

In addition to her demonstration that 2- and 3-month-olds can learn to kick vigorously when it results in movement of a mobile, what else did Rovee-Collier demonstrate with respect the development of infant memory?

Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks, his 6-month-old son still knows him.Is Clyde right?

Which of the following is the best example of extinction in classical conditioning?

Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli.Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response.What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus?

Describe what is known about touch, temperature, and pain perception in newborns.

Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities?

As our perceptual processes mature, we lose the ability to detect sensory information that is not of cultural relevance.Based upon current research in perceptual development, what is this change thought to be due to?

Most mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices.Does research evidence support this claim?

Explain what is meant by deferred imitation, and outline how this ability develops between 9 and 24 months of age.

When you become bored because your surroundings remain stable over time, which type of learning are you demonstrating?

Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern.Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears.Which research method are you using?

How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anesthesia?

What is the term for any event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows?

Which children are most likely to reproduce a behaviour that had been modelled several weeks earlier?

Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development?

Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies

Theories of Human Development

Hereditary Influences on Development

Prenatal Development

Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life

Physical Development: the Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and the Beginnings of Sexual Development

Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory, Cases Neo-Piagetian Theory, and Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint

Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives and Connectionism

Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance

Development of Language and Communication Skills

Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment

Development of the Self and Social Cognition

Sex Differences and Similarities, and Gender-Role Development

Moral Development and Aggression

The Family

Beyond the Family Context: Peers, Schools, and Media Technologies

Filters