Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning

Describe in detail two pieces of research evidence to support the conclusion that culture influences the ability to make perceptual discriminations.

In Pavlov's experiment what type of stimulus or response is the food?

When can infants group colours of similar shades into basic categories (e.g., reds, greens, blues) as adults do?

Trace the development of intermodal perception over the first year of life.

In general, how would most people feel if they received negative reinforcement and positive punishment for their actions?

Why do grade-school children seem to learn more from social models than do younger children?

Describe Gibson and Walk's visual cliff apparatus.Describe the development of depth perception in infants, citing the key research findings from studies that have used this apparatus.

The ability to perceive three-dimensional space improves over the first year.Describe the cues that infants use at each of the following ages: 1-3 months, 3-5 months, and 6-7 months.

Suppose an infant has learned to wave his or her arm to activate a video display.A few weeks later the infant does not respond an arm wave when exposed to the display until the display is briefly illuminated.What would such an observation imply with respect to the infant's learning and memory processes?

Which statement is the best description of negative punishment?

According to the information-processing view, in what circumstance does the most effective outcome of punishment occur?

Parents are often puzzled when a child fails to show appropriate behaviours despite scolding and punishment for inappropriate behaviours.Why are operant conditioning experts not surprised?

Marianne was 1 week old, and she had been fussy all morning.Uncle George was holding her and trying to soothe her while Allison, her mother, warmed a bottle of milk in the kitchen.But Marianne was not to be soothed, and her cries and squirminess grew more intense by the moment.At Uncle George's request, Allison returned from the kitchen to help, and when Allison came close to Marianne and spoke softly to her, Marianne stopped protesting and gazed grumpily in the general direction of her mother.(a) What did Allison do that might have had the effect of temporarily halting Marianne's protests? (b) Did Marianne deliberately turn her head to look at her mother? Why or why not? (c) Did Marianne recognize her mother? If so, how might she have recognized her?

Which method of studying infant perception involves recording the magnetic fields generated by the brain's electrical activity?

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of DeCasper and his associates regarding the auditory preferences of newborn infants?

A change in behaviour that is attributable to one's environment and is relatively permanent meets Domjan's definition of which of the following developmental processes?

Jana tells you that her 2-day-old daughter can visually track an object moving above her crib.Is this ability to track movement typical of all infants?

What is thought to account for the failure of neonates to perceive form?

How is recall affected when an infant's memory is tested at a different place than where he or she learned the task?

Vincent wanted his daughter to make her bed every morning before she left for school, so he gave her a quarter every time she did.Now his daughter makes her bed every morning as soon as she gets up.In this case, what did the quarters represent with respect to her bed-making behaviour?