Exam 28: Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

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Describe the changes that occur in the pathway from the retina to layer 4 of the visual cortex during the first few weeks after birth in a normally developing monkey.

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Question 1

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Shortly after birth, axon terminals extending from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to layer 4 of the visual cortex overlap with each other considerably. In the first few weeks of life, these terminals retract so that cells receiving input from one eye overlap less with cells receiving input from the other eye. This allows for clearer segregation of ocular dominance columns.

Electrical recordings in the visual cortex indicate that years after monocular deprivation in monkeys,

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Question 2

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If an infant monkey, at 2 weeks old, and an adult monkey each have one eyelid sutured shut for 3 weeks, what differences would you expect to observe in the two individuals?

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In the infant, I would expect that recordings of cortical neurons would detect primarily responses to the non-deprived eye. Very few cells would respond to the eye that had been closed. In contrast, I would expect that the adult cortical neurons would respond normally, showing no change as a result of eyelid closure.

If one eyelid of an infant monkey is sutured shut for 3 weeks during the first 6 weeks of life, under what conditions will the monkey recover normal (or nearly normal) cortical function?

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Question 4

Eyelid closure in the first few weeks of life is an experimental technique used primarily to study the

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Question 5

When one eye of a newborn monkey or kitten is sutured closed for a few months, the result is that

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Question 6

This change in lateral geniculate neurons helps to produce distinct ocular dominance columns.

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Question 7

A deficiency in GABA function early in life would be expected to have which effect on development of the visual system?

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Question 8

When kittens who have been reared in darkness are exposed to light, they _, while adult cats who are exposed to light after spending a long time in darkness _.

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Question 9

Imagine two congenitally deaf infants: One is raised in a loving home with social interaction, toys, and lots of activity, while the second is raised in an impoverished orphanage, with basic food/care but little additional social interaction or activity. Both are able to receive a cochlear implant at age 3. What differences, if any, would you expect to observe in the infants' responses to the implants?

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Question 10

Which of these is the best example of a critical period?

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Question 11

One of the "brakes" that results in closing the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity is

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Question 12

When the eye of an infant is kept closed during infancy, the resulting change in layer 4 of the visual cortex is

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Question 13

What are two ways in which research on developmental plasticity in sensory systems can be applied to human welfare?

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Question 14

The "reverse suture" technique used to study visual development refers to

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Question 15

When one eye of a kitten was sutured shut during infancy, neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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Question 16

Cochlear implants are effective at allowing speech comprehension if they are implanted

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Question 17

To produce strabismus means to

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Question 18

In newborn monkeys, the structure of ocular dominance columns

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Question 19

Producing an artificial squint in kittens has this result on cortical structure and/or function.

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Question 20

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Exam 28: Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Describe the changes that occur in the pathway from the retina to layer 4 of the visual cortex during the first few weeks after birth in a normally developing monkey.

Electrical recordings in the visual cortex indicate that years after monocular deprivation in monkeys,

If an infant monkey, at 2 weeks old, and an adult monkey each have one eyelid sutured shut for 3 weeks, what differences would you expect to observe in the two individuals?

If one eyelid of an infant monkey is sutured shut for 3 weeks during the first 6 weeks of life, under what conditions will the monkey recover normal (or nearly normal) cortical function?

Eyelid closure in the first few weeks of life is an experimental technique used primarily to study the

When one eye of a newborn monkey or kitten is sutured closed for a few months, the result is that

This change in lateral geniculate neurons helps to produce distinct ocular dominance columns.

A deficiency in GABA function early in life would be expected to have which effect on development of the visual system?

When kittens who have been reared in darkness are exposed to light, they _______, while adult cats who are exposed to light after spending a long time in darkness _______.

Which of these is the best example of a critical period?

One of the "brakes" that results in closing the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity is

When the eye of an infant is kept closed during infancy, the resulting change in layer 4 of the visual cortex is

What are two ways in which research on developmental plasticity in sensory systems can be applied to human welfare?

The "reverse suture" technique used to study visual development refers to

When one eye of a kitten was sutured shut during infancy, neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Cochlear implants are effective at allowing speech comprehension if they are implanted

To produce strabismus means to

In newborn monkeys, the structure of ocular dominance columns

Producing an artificial squint in kittens has this result on cortical structure and/or function.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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When kittens who have been reared in darkness are exposed to light, they _, while adult cats who are exposed to light after spending a long time in darkness _.