Question 1

Describe the two types of proteins that are encoded by IEGS and their function.

Accepted Answer

IEGs encode "DNA binding proteins" which function as transcription factors and regulate the gene expression of late-response genes which will influence long term consolidation of plasticity changes. A second type of molecules encoded by IEGs are "effector proteins" which directly regulate synaptic function.

Question 2

Which of the following controls polyadenylation of dendritic mRNAs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPE
B)  
B)  MTOR signaling and phosphorylation of its downstream translation effectors 
C)  Methylation of mRNA 
D)  Phosphorylation of CREB 
E)  Eukaryotic initiation factor 2a 
A)  Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPE
B)  
B)  MTOR signaling and phosphorylation of its downstream translation effectors 
C)  Methylation of mRNA 
D)  Phosphorylation of CREB 
E)  Eukaryotic initiation factor 2a A

Question 3

Some IEGs encode effector proteins, like _______, that directly regulate synaptic function.

Accepted Answer

A)  CREB 
B)  Arc/Arg3-1 
C)  c-fos 
D)  channel proteins 
E)  microtubule-associated protein 
A)  CREB 
B)  Arc/Arg3-1 
C)  c-fos 
D)  channel proteins 
E)  microtubule-associated protein B

Question 4

Which of the following is support that BDNF and TrkB mRNA might form a local autocrine loop in hippocampal and cortical neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are both found in the soma in hippocampal and cortical neurons 
B)  They are both found to be transported via fast transport 
C)  They are both transcribed at similar times. 
D)  They are both transcribed at similar rates. 
E)  They are co-localized and they are targeted to the dendrites and locally translated in hippocampal and cortical neurons. 
A)  They are both found in the soma in hippocampal and cortical neurons 
B)  They are both found to be transported via fast transport 
C)  They are both transcribed at similar times. 
D)  They are both transcribed at similar rates. 
E)  They are co-localized and they are targeted to the dendrites and locally translated in hippocampal and cortical neurons.

Question 5

Long term depression is associated with _______ of dendritic spines.

Accepted Answer

A)  a change in shape 
B)  shrinkage 
C)  no change 
D)  a decrease in number 
E)  growth 
A)  a change in shape 
B)  shrinkage 
C)  no change 
D)  a decrease in number 
E)  growth

Question 6

What is peculiar about the mammalian BDNF gene?

Accepted Answer

It has multiple prom

Question 7

Which of the following leads to the induction and activation of Npas4?

Accepted Answer

A)  Repression of transcription complex 
B)  Release of CREB 
C)  Activation of Arc 
D)  Neuronal activity in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons 
E)  Repression of IEGs 
A)  Repression of transcription complex 
B)  Release of CREB 
C)  Activation of Arc 
D)  Neuronal activity in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons 
E)  Repression of IEGs

Question 8

Evidence for local protein synthesis has been supported from findings of electron microscopic evidence for _______ in distal dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  polyribosomes 
B)  nuclei 
C)  vesicles 
D)  neurofilaments 
E)  microtubules 
A)  polyribosomes 
B)  nuclei 
C)  vesicles 
D)  neurofilaments 
E)  microtubules

Question 9

Which of the following techniques has been essential to better establishing a causal link between neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity, and memory associated behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genetically tag and manipulate neurons 
B)  Whole cell patch clamp of neurons 
C)  Knock outs of specific genes 
D)  In situ hybridization 
E)  Radioactive tagging of specific molecules 
A)  Genetically tag and manipulate neurons 
B)  Whole cell patch clamp of neurons 
C)  Knock outs of specific genes 
D)  In situ hybridization 
E)  Radioactive tagging of specific molecules

Question 10

All of the following lead to enduring changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission except

Accepted Answer

A)  long lifetime of synaptic related proteins that matches duration of plasticity 
B)  protein traffic into and out of the synapse 
C)  rates of synthesis and degradation of protein. 
D)  activity dependent traffic of receptors 
E)  All processes are strongly activity-dependent. 
A)  long lifetime of synaptic related proteins that matches duration of plasticity 
B)  protein traffic into and out of the synapse 
C)  rates of synthesis and degradation of protein. 
D)  activity dependent traffic of receptors 
E)  All processes are strongly activity-dependent.

Question 11

Identify different ways that calcium links and integrates synaptic activation, action potential firing, and gene transcription in the nucleus.

Accepted Answer

Calcium can regulate transcription by di

Question 12

What controls the formation of the translation initiation complex?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2a 
B)  MTOR signaling and phosphorylation of its downstream translation effectors 
C)  Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPE
B)  
D)  Phosphorylation of MAPK 
E)  Methylation of mRNA 
A)  Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2a 
B)  MTOR signaling and phosphorylation of its downstream translation effectors 
C)  Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPE
B)  
D)  Phosphorylation of MAPK 
E)  Methylation of mRNA

Question 13

Explain how the induction of plasticity related products (PRPs) can lead to input specificity of L-LTP.

Accepted Answer

During the induction phase of LTP, stron

Question 14

Which of the following is involved in targeting mRNA to dendrites and axons?

Accepted Answer

A)  a spliceosome 
B)  ligases 
C)  ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granule 
D)  IEGs 
E)  late-response genes 
A)  a spliceosome 
B)  ligases 
C)  ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granule 
D)  IEGs 
E)  late-response genes

Question 15

Which of the following is involved with depolarization -induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and long term depression (iLTD)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glutaminergic synapses 
B)  Cholinergic synapses 
C)  GABAergic synapses 
D)  Serotoninergic 
E)  Glycine synapses 
A)  Glutaminergic synapses 
B)  Cholinergic synapses 
C)  GABAergic synapses 
D)  Serotoninergic 
E)  Glycine synapses

Question 16

Which best describes the relationship between microRNAs (miRNA) and synaptic plasticity?

Accepted Answer

A)  miRNA replaces mRNA during synaptic plasticity 
B)  Portions of the miRNA attach to the mRNA and extend the length of the mRNA 
C)  miRNA directs translational repression or mRNA degradations depending on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA and the sequences on target mRNAs 
D)  miRNA carry the sequence for proteins needed to maintain potentiated spines 
E)  MiRNA regulate local protein degradation. 
A)  miRNA replaces mRNA during synaptic plasticity 
B)  Portions of the miRNA attach to the mRNA and extend the length of the mRNA 
C)  miRNA directs translational repression or mRNA degradations depending on the degree of complementarity between the miRNA and the sequences on target mRNAs 
D)  miRNA carry the sequence for proteins needed to maintain potentiated spines 
E)  MiRNA regulate local protein degradation.

Question 17

Using in situ hybridization, researchers have detected dendritic mRNAs, such as

Accepted Answer

A)  voltage gated K+ channels 
B)  tau 
C)  IEGs 
D)  synapsin 
E)  CaMKII 
A)  voltage gated K+ channels 
B)  tau 
C)  IEGs 
D)  synapsin 
E)  CaMKII

Question 18

Synaptic activity triggers _______ that relieve the transcriptional repression of IEGS.

Accepted Answer

A)  opening of ion-specific channels 
B)  cytoskeletal modifications 
C)  late response genes 
D)  membrane potential events 
E)  calcium-regulated signaling events 
A)  opening of ion-specific channels 
B)  cytoskeletal modifications 
C)  late response genes 
D)  membrane potential events 
E)  calcium-regulated signaling events

Question 19

What is the most likely proteome scenario that synapses need to provide in terms of maintaining L-LTP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased production of "positive" proteins during synaptic activity 
B)  Increased degradation of "negative" proteins during rest. 
C)  Increase in movement of proteosomes toward the dendritic shaft during potentiation. 
D)  Decreased movement of polyribosomes in potentiated spines during LTP. 
E)  A coordinated balance between protein synthesis of "positive" proteins and degradation of "negative" proteins. 
A)  Increased production of "positive" proteins during synaptic activity 
B)  Increased degradation of "negative" proteins during rest. 
C)  Increase in movement of proteosomes toward the dendritic shaft during potentiation. 
D)  Decreased movement of polyribosomes in potentiated spines during LTP. 
E)  A coordinated balance between protein synthesis of "positive" proteins and degradation of "negative" proteins.

Question 20

List the two experimental models used to investigate the cellular basis of memory.

Accepted Answer

Neuronal activation

Exam 17: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Describe the two types of proteins that are encoded by IEGS and their function.

Which of the following controls polyadenylation of dendritic mRNAs?

Some IEGs encode effector proteins, like _______, that directly regulate synaptic function.

Which of the following is support that BDNF and TrkB mRNA might form a local autocrine loop in hippocampal and cortical neurons?

Long term depression is associated with _______ of dendritic spines.

What is peculiar about the mammalian BDNF gene?

Which of the following leads to the induction and activation of Npas4?

Evidence for local protein synthesis has been supported from findings of electron microscopic evidence for _______ in distal dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells.

Which of the following techniques has been essential to better establishing a causal link between neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity, and memory associated behaviors?

All of the following lead to enduring changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission except

Identify different ways that calcium links and integrates synaptic activation, action potential firing, and gene transcription in the nucleus.

What controls the formation of the translation initiation complex?

Explain how the induction of plasticity related products (PRPs) can lead to input specificity of L-LTP.

Which of the following is involved in targeting mRNA to dendrites and axons?

Which of the following is involved with depolarization -induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) and long term depression (iLTD)?

Which best describes the relationship between microRNAs (miRNA) and synaptic plasticity?

Using in situ hybridization, researchers have detected dendritic mRNAs, such as

Synaptic activity triggers _______ that relieve the transcriptional repression of IEGS.

What is the most likely proteome scenario that synapses need to provide in terms of maintaining L-LTP?

List the two experimental models used to investigate the cellular basis of memory.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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