Question 1

The major transmitter in the rat SCN is

Accepted Answer

A)  norepinephrine. 
B)  acetylcholine. 
C)  GABA. 
D)  ATP. 
E)  glutamate. 
A)  norepinephrine. 
B)  acetylcholine. 
C)  GABA. 
D)  ATP. 
E)  glutamate. C

Question 2

The primary destination of autonomic neurons is

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle fibers. 
B)  other neurons in the brain. 
C)  the body's organs and tissues. 
D)  the body's sensory receptors. 
E)  the motor cortex. 
A)  skeletal muscle fibers. 
B)  other neurons in the brain. 
C)  the body's organs and tissues. 
D)  the body's sensory receptors. 
E)  the motor cortex. C

Question 3

Describe the pathway by which leptin regulates body weight.

Accepted Answer

Leptin is released by adipose cells in the body. It binds to hypothalamic neurons, which activate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing energy expenditure and reducing food intake. This in turn reduces fat stores, causing a reduction in leptin release.

Question 4

M-channels (or KCNQ or Kv7 channels) are permeable primarily to

Accepted Answer

A)  magnesium. 
B)  sodium. 
C)  chloride. 
D)  calcium. 
E)  potassium. 
A)  magnesium. 
B)  sodium. 
C)  chloride. 
D)  calcium. 
E)  potassium.

Question 5

Direct, rapid transmission at autonomic ganglia is produced when _______ is released, binding to _______ receptors.

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine; nicotinic 
B)  norepinephrine, adrenergic 
C)  purines; P 
D)  acetylcholine, nicotinic 
E)  acetylcholine; muscarinic 
A)  epinephrine; nicotinic 
B)  norepinephrine, adrenergic 
C)  purines; P 
D)  acetylcholine, nicotinic 
E)  acetylcholine; muscarinic

Question 6

Destruction of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) would be expected to result in

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperarousal and high activity levels. 
B)  loss of circadian rhythms. 
C)  Increased appetite and weight gain. 
D)  difficulty regulating heart rate and blood pressure. 
E)  reduction in sexual activity. 
A)  hyperarousal and high activity levels. 
B)  loss of circadian rhythms. 
C)  Increased appetite and weight gain. 
D)  difficulty regulating heart rate and blood pressure. 
E)  reduction in sexual activity.

Question 7

The purine transmitters include

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine and adenosine. 
B)  VIP and LHRH. 
C)  epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
D)  adenosine and ATP. 
E)  ATP and adrenaline. 
A)  acetylcholine and adenosine. 
B)  VIP and LHRH. 
C)  epinephrine and norepinephrine. 
D)  adenosine and ATP. 
E)  ATP and adrenaline.

Question 8

Activity of the autonomic nervous system is

Accepted Answer

A)  absent when we are sleeping or unconscious. 
B)  entirely independent of voluntary action. 
C)  under direct voluntary control. 
D)  not directly under voluntary control but may be controlled indirectly by voluntary action. 
E)  entirely independent of environmental conditions. 
A)  absent when we are sleeping or unconscious. 
B)  entirely independent of voluntary action. 
C)  under direct voluntary control. 
D)  not directly under voluntary control but may be controlled indirectly by voluntary action. 
E)  entirely independent of environmental conditions.

Question 9

Compare the activity of the carotid sinus neurons, and the resulting effect on cardiovascular sympathetic outputs, when the body is in the vertical position and when it is in the horizontal position.

Accepted Answer

When the body is in the vertical positio

Question 10

The opening of an M-channel has the effect of

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the probability of an action potential. 
B)  decreasing the probability of an action potential. 
C)  lowering the resting potential of the cell. 
D)  increasing the magnitude of action potentials. 
E)  activation of cyclic AMP. 
A)  increasing the probability of an action potential. 
B)  decreasing the probability of an action potential. 
C)  lowering the resting potential of the cell. 
D)  increasing the magnitude of action potentials. 
E)  activation of cyclic AMP.

Question 11

Describe what you would expect to see if you were to apply bicuculline (a GABA antagonist) to a slice of rat SCN, and observe an extracellular recording for 24 hours.

Accepted Answer

Normally, SCN neurons would show a high

Question 12

What is the chain of events leading to the release of melatonin?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin is synthesized in, and release

Question 13

Muscarinic ACh receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are not present in autonomic ganglion cells. 
B)  produce fast, direct activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
C)  produce slow, long lasting activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
D)  produce inhibition of autonomic ganglion cells. 
E)  are present in autonomic ganglion cells, but their function has not yet been determined. 
A)  are not present in autonomic ganglion cells. 
B)  produce fast, direct activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
C)  produce slow, long lasting activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
D)  produce inhibition of autonomic ganglion cells. 
E)  are present in autonomic ganglion cells, but their function has not yet been determined.

Question 14

If leptin is experimentally increased in the hypothalamus, the expected result would have which effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in food intake 
B)  A reduction in food intake 
C)  A reduction in energy expenditure 
D)  Loss of rhythmicity of circadian cycles 
E)  No effect since the hypothalamus is not responsive to leptin 
A)  An increase in food intake 
B)  A reduction in food intake 
C)  A reduction in energy expenditure 
D)  Loss of rhythmicity of circadian cycles 
E)  No effect since the hypothalamus is not responsive to leptin

Question 15

Nicotinic ACh receptors

Accepted Answer

A)  are not present in autonomic ganglion cells. 
B)  produce fast, direct activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
C)  produce slow, long lasting activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
D)  produce inhibition of autonomic ganglion cells. 
E)  are present in autonomic ganglion cells, but their function has not yet been determined. 
A)  are not present in autonomic ganglion cells. 
B)  produce fast, direct activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
C)  produce slow, long lasting activation of autonomic ganglion cells. 
D)  produce inhibition of autonomic ganglion cells. 
E)  are present in autonomic ganglion cells, but their function has not yet been determined.

Question 16

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the release of melatonin from the

Accepted Answer

A)  pineal gland. 
B)  pituitary gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  limbic system. 
E)  optic nerve. 
A)  pineal gland. 
B)  pituitary gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  limbic system. 
E)  optic nerve.

Question 17

GnRH, or Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is released by the

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus to act on the pituitary. 
B)  pituitary to act on the adrenal glands. 
C)  gonads to act on the hypothalamus. 
D)  hypothalamus to act on the gonads. 
E)  pituitary to act at locations all over the body. 
A)  hypothalamus to act on the pituitary. 
B)  pituitary to act on the adrenal glands. 
C)  gonads to act on the hypothalamus. 
D)  hypothalamus to act on the gonads. 
E)  pituitary to act at locations all over the body.

Question 18

In a neuron's resting state, M-channels are likely to be

Accepted Answer

A)  closed, reducing potassium conductance. 
B)  closed, reducing chloride conductance. 
C)  closed, reducing sodium conductance. 
D)  open, contributing to resting sodium conductance. 
E)  open, contributing to resting potassium conductance. 
A)  closed, reducing potassium conductance. 
B)  closed, reducing chloride conductance. 
C)  closed, reducing sodium conductance. 
D)  open, contributing to resting sodium conductance. 
E)  open, contributing to resting potassium conductance.

Question 19

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system are usually located

Accepted Answer

A)  close to the tissues or organs that they innervate. 
B)  inside the spinal cord. 
C)  close to the muscles that they control. 
D)  in the brainstem. 
E)  next to the spinal cord. 
A)  close to the tissues or organs that they innervate. 
B)  inside the spinal cord. 
C)  close to the muscles that they control. 
D)  in the brainstem. 
E)  next to the spinal cord.

Question 20

The role of GABA in the rat SCN is to

Accepted Answer

A)  open chloride channels. 
B)  close chloride channels. 
C)  open sodium channels. 
D)  open potassium channels. 
E)  close potassium channels. 
A)  open chloride channels. 
B)  close chloride channels. 
C)  open sodium channels. 
D)  open potassium channels. 
E)  close potassium channels.

Exam 19: Autonomic Nervous System

The major transmitter in the rat SCN is

The primary destination of autonomic neurons is

Describe the pathway by which leptin regulates body weight.

M-channels (or KCNQ or Kv7 channels) are permeable primarily to

Direct, rapid transmission at autonomic ganglia is produced when _______ is released, binding to _______ receptors.

Destruction of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) would be expected to result in

The purine transmitters include

Activity of the autonomic nervous system is

Compare the activity of the carotid sinus neurons, and the resulting effect on cardiovascular sympathetic outputs, when the body is in the vertical position and when it is in the horizontal position.

The opening of an M-channel has the effect of

Describe what you would expect to see if you were to apply bicuculline (a GABA antagonist) to a slice of rat SCN, and observe an extracellular recording for 24 hours.

What is the chain of events leading to the release of melatonin?

Muscarinic ACh receptors

If leptin is experimentally increased in the hypothalamus, the expected result would have which effect?

Nicotinic ACh receptors

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the release of melatonin from the

GnRH, or Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, is released by the

In a neuron's resting state, M-channels are likely to be

Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system are usually located

The role of GABA in the rat SCN is to

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

M-channels (or KCNQ or K_v7 channels) are permeable primarily to

Direct, rapid transmission at autonomic ganglia is produced when _ is released, binding to _ receptors.